Osman I | |||||
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![]() An Ottoman miniature depicting Osman I, c. 1580 | |||||
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire | |||||
Reign | c. 1299 – 1323/4 | ||||
Predecessor | Title established | ||||
Successor | Orhan | ||||
Uch Bey of the Sultanate of Rum | |||||
Reign | c. 1280 – c. 1299 | ||||
Predecessor | Ertuğrul | ||||
Successor | Title abolished | ||||
Born | Unknown,[1] possibly c. 1254/5[2] | ||||
Died | 1323/4[3] (age 68–70) Bursa, Ottoman Beylik | ||||
Burial | Tomb of Osman Gazi, Osmangazi, Bursa Province, Turkey | ||||
Spouse | Rabia Bala Hatun Malhun Hatun | ||||
Issue Among others | Orhan Ghazi Alaeddin Ali Pasha | ||||
| |||||
Dynasty | Ottoman dynasty | ||||
Father | Ertuğrul | ||||
Mother | Unknown[4] | ||||
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Osman I or Osman Ghazi (Ottoman Turkish: عثمان غازى, romanized: ʿOsmān Ġāzī; Turkish: I. Osman or Osman Gazi; died 1323/4)[1][3][a] was the founder of the Ottoman Empire (first known as the Ottoman Beylik or Emirate). While initially a small Turkoman[5] principality during Osman's lifetime, his beylik transformed into a vast empire in the centuries after his death.[6] It existed until 1922 shortly after the end of World War I, when the sultanate was abolished.
Owing to the scarcity of historical sources dating from his lifetime, very little factual information about Osman has survived. Not a single written source survives from Osman's reign,[7] and the Ottomans did not record the history of Osman's life until the fifteenth century, more than a hundred years after his death.[8] Because of this, historians find it very challenging to differentiate between fact and myth in the many stories told about him.[9] One historian has even gone so far as to declare it impossible, describing the period of Osman's life as a "black hole".[10]
According to later Ottoman tradition, Osman's ancestors were descendants of the Kayı tribe of Oghuz Turks.[11] However, many scholars of the early Ottomans regard it as a later fabrication meant to reinforce dynastic legitimacy.[11]
The Ottoman principality was one of many Anatolian beyliks that emerged in the second half of the thirteenth century. Situated in the region of Bithynia in the north of Asia Minor, Osman's principality found itself particularly well placed to launch attacks on the vulnerable Byzantine Empire, which his descendants would eventually go on to conquer.
Reliable information regarding Osman is scarce. His birth date is unknown and his symbolic significance as the father of the dynasty has encouraged the development of mythic tales regarding the ruler's life and origins; however, historians agree that before 1300, Osman was simply one among a number of Turkoman tribal leaders operating in the Sakarya region.
kemalpasazade
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).By the time of Osman's death (1323 or 1324)...
There is still not one authentic written document known from the time of ʿOsmān, and there are not many from the fourteenth century altogether.
Modern historians attempt to sift historical fact from the myths contained in the later stories in which the Ottoman chroniclers accounted for the origins of the dynasty[.]
Almost all the traditional tales about Osman Gazi are fictitious. The best thing a modern historian can do is to admit frankly that the earliest history of the Ottomans is a black hole. Any attempt to fill this hole will result simply in more fables.
kayi
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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