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| Panchen Erdeni (title since 1713) | |||||||
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| Traditional Chinese | 班禪額爾德尼 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 班禅额尔德尼 | ||||||
| Literal meaning | Pandita-Chenpo (Sanskrit-Tibetan Buddhist title, meaning "Great Scholar") + Erdeni (Manchu loanword from Mongolian, meaning "treasure") | ||||||
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The Panchen Lama (Tibetan: པཎ་ཆེན་བླ་མ།, Wylie: paN chen bla ma) is a tulku of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. The Panchen Lama is one of the most important figures in the Gelug tradition, with its spiritual authority second only to the Dalai Lama. Along with the council of high lamas, he is in charge of seeking out the next Dalai Lama.[1] Panchen is a portmanteau of Pandita and Chenpo, meaning "great scholar".
The recognition of Panchen Lamas began with Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen, tutor of the 5th Dalai Lama, who received the title "Panchen Bogd" from Altan Khan and the Dalai Lama in 1645.[2] Bogd is Mongolian, meaning "holy".[3] Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, Sönam Choklang and Ensapa Lobsang Döndrup were subsequently recognized as the first to third Panchen Lamas posthumously.
In 1713, the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty granted the title Panchen Erdeni to the 5th Panchen Lama. In 1792, the Qianlong Emperor issued a decree known as the 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet, and Article One of the decree was designed to be used in the selection of rinpoches, lamas and other high offices within Tibetan Buddhism, including the Dalai Lamas, Panchen Lamas and Mongolian lamas.[4][5][6]
Traditionally, the Panchen Lama is the head of Tashilhunpo Monastery, and holds religious and secular power over the Tsang region centered in Shigatse, independent of the Ganden Podrang authority led by the Dalai Lama.[7][8] The Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama are closely connected, and each participates in the process of recognizing the other's reincarnations.[9]
The current 11th Panchen Lama, Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, was recognized by the 14th Dalai Lama on 14 May 1995. Three days later, the six-year-old Panchen Lama was kidnapped by the Chinese government and his family was taken into custody. The Chinese government instead named Gyaincain Norbu as the 11th Panchen Lama. Their nomination has been widely rejected by Buddhists in Tibet and abroad, while governments have called for information about and the release of the Panchen Lama. Gedhun Choekyi Nyima has never been seen publicly since 1995.[10][11]
- ^ "Panchen Lama". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
- ^ Chuluun, Sampildondov; Bulag, Uradyn E. (2013). The Thirteenth Dalai Lama on the Run (1904–1906): Archival Documents from Mongolia. BRILL. p. 17. ISBN 978-9004254558.
- ^ Lessing, Ferdinand D. (1960). Mongolian-English Dictionary. University of California Press.
- ^ "Reincarnation". 14th Dalai Lama. September 24, 2011. Archived from the original on May 14, 2015. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
- ^ "Origin of "drawing lots from the golden urn"_Tibetan Buddhism_TIBET". eng.tibet.cn. Archived from the original on April 1, 2018.
- ^ Smith 1997, p. 135.
- ^ Goldstein, Melvyn C. (2007). A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 2: The Calm Before the Storm: 1951–1955. University of California Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-520-24941-7.
- ^ Goldstein, Melvyn C.; Sherap, Dawei; Siebenschuh, William R. (2004). A Tibetan Revolutionary: The Political Life and Times of Bapa Phüntso Wangye. University of California Press. p. 161. ISBN 0-520-24089-8.
- ^ "China, Tibet and the Dalai Lama". The Economist.
- ^ "China's Worst Kept Secret: 5 Facts About the Abduction of Tibet's Panchen Lama". HuffPost.
- ^ "China says Panchen Lama 'living a normal life' 20 years after disappearance". The Guardian. London. September 6, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2008.