| Placental disease | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Micrograph of a chorangioma. H&E stain. | |
| Specialty | Gynecology |
A placental disease is any disease, disorder, or pathology of the placenta.[1][2]
Ischemic placental disease leads to the attachment of the placenta to the uterine wall to become under-perfused, causing uteroplacental ischemia. Where the term overarches the pathology associated with preeclampsia, placental abruptions and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).[3] These factors are known to be the primary pathophysiology cause placental disease. Which is considered to be associated with more than half of premature births.[4]
Abnormalities present within the spiral arteries lead to higher velocities in blood, in turn causes the maternal villi to shred.[5] Which trigger pro-coagulator molecules to be released into the blood stream causing action of the coagulator cascade, eventually leading to placental infarction.[5] Risk factors such as diabetes, chronic blood pressure and multiple pregnancies can increase the risk of developing placental disease.[3] Also, exposure to sudden trauma can increase the risk of placental abruption which coincides with placental disease.[6]
There is no target treatment available for placental disease. Associative prevention mechanisms can be a method of minimising the risk of developing the disease, within early stages of pregnancy.
Placental syndromes include pregnancy loss, fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia, preterm delivery, premature rupture of membranes, placental abruption and intrauterine fetal demise.[7]
- ^ Furuya M, Ishida J, Aoki I, Fukamizu A (2008). "Pathophysiology of placentation abnormalities in pregnancy-induced hypertension". Vasc Health Risk Manag. 4 (6): 1301–13. doi:10.2147/vhrm.s4009. PMC 2663465. PMID 19337544.
- ^ Cheng MH, Wang PH (January 2009). "Placentation abnormalities in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia". Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 9 (1): 37–49. doi:10.1586/14737159.9.1.37. PMID 19099348. S2CID 21428301.
- ^ a b Parker S, Werler M (2014). "Epidemiology of ischemic placental disease: A focus on preterm gestations". Seminars in Perinatology. 38 (1): 133–138. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2014.03.004. PMC 4824536. PMID 24836824.
- ^ Ananth C, Vintzileos A (2008). "Medically Indicated Preterm Birth: Recognizing the Importance of the Problem". Clin Perinatol. 35 (1): 53–67. doi:10.1016/j.clp.2007.11.001. PMID 18280875.
- ^ a b Roberts J (2014). "Pathophysiology of ischemic placental disease". Seminars in Perinatology. 38 (1): 139–145. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2014.03.005. PMC 4040272. PMID 24836825.
- ^ Adam T, Yeh C, Bennett-Kunzier N, Kinzler W (2014). "Long-term maternal morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic placental disease". Seminars in Perinatology. 38 (1): 146–150. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2014.03.003. PMID 24836826.
- ^ Kosinska-Kaczynska, Katarzyna (2022). "Placental Syndromes—A New Paradigm in Perinatology". Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022 (19): 7392. doi:10.3390/ijerph19127392. PMC 9224387. PMID 35742640.