Qian Xuesen

Qian Xuesen
钱学森
Qian in 1950
Born	(1911-12-11)11 December 1911 Shanghai, China
Died	31 October 2009(2009-10-31) (aged 97) Beijing, China
Nationality	Chinese
Alma mater	National Chiao Tung University (BS, 1934) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MS, 1936) California Institute of Technology (PhD, 1939)
Known for	Co-founder of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Founder of engineering cybernetics Father of Chinese space program
Spouse	Jiang Ying ​ (m. 1947)​
Children	Qian Yonggang Qian Yungjen
Awards	Chinese Academy of Science Academician (1957) Distinguished Alumni Award from Caltech (1979) Chinese Academy of Engineering Academician (1994) Two Bombs, One Satellite Merit Medal (1999)
Scientific career
Fields	Aerospace engineering Aeronautics Engineering cybernetics
Institutions	California Institute of Technology (professor) Jet Propulsion Laboratory (co-founder) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (professor) Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense of China (first director) Institute of Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (first director) People's Liberation Army Defense Technology Commission (vice director)
Theses	Study of the turbulent boundary layer  (1936) Problems in motion of compressible fluids and reaction propulsion (1939)
Doctoral advisor	Theodore von Kármán
Doctoral students	Cheng Che-Min (1952)
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	錢學森
Simplified Chinese	钱学森
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Qián Xuésēn Wade–Giles Ch'ien Hsüeh-sen IPA [tɕʰjɛ̌n ɕɥě.sə́n]
Signature

Qian Xuesen (钱学森; 11 December 1911 – 31 October 2009; also spelled as Hsue-shen Tsien) was a Chinese aerospace engineer and cyberneticist who made significant contributions to the field of aerodynamics and established engineering cybernetics. He achieved recognition as one of America's leading experts in rockets and high-speed flight theory.^[1]

Qian received his undergraduate education in mechanical engineering at National Chiao Tung University in Shanghai in 1934. He travelled to the United States in 1935 and attained a master's degree in aeronautical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1936. Afterward, he joined Theodore von Kármán's group at the California Institute of Technology in 1936, received a doctorate in aeronautics and mathematics there in 1939, and became an associate professor at Caltech in 1943. While at Caltech, he cofounded NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.^[1][2] He was recruited by the United States Department of Defense and the Department of War to serve in various positions, including as an expert consultant with a rank of colonel in 1945. At the same time, he became an associate professor at MIT in 1946, a full professor at MIT in 1947, and a full professor at Caltech in 1949.^[3]

During the Second Red Scare in the 1950s, the United States federal government accused him of communist sympathies. In 1950, despite protests by his colleagues and without any evidence of the allegations, he was stripped of his security clearance.^[1][4] He was given a deferred deportation order by the Immigration and Naturalization Service, and for the following five years, he and his family were subjected to partial house arrest and government surveillance in an effort to gradually make his technical knowledge obsolete.^[1] After spending five years under house arrest,^[5] he was released in 1955 in exchange for the repatriation of American pilots who had been captured during the Korean War. He left the United States in September 1955 on the American President Lines passenger liner SS President Cleveland, arriving in mainland China via Hong Kong.^[6]

Upon his return, he helped lead development of the Dongfeng ballistic missile and the Chinese space program. He also played a significant part in the construction and development of China's defense industry, higher education and research system, rocket force, and a key technology university.^{[7][8][9][10][11]} For his contributions, he became known as the "Father of Chinese Rocketry", nicknamed the "King of Rocketry".^[12][13] He is recognized as one of the founding fathers of Two Bombs, One Satellite.^[14]

In 1957, Qian was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He served as a Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from 1987 to 1998.

He was the cousin of engineer Hsue-Chu Tsien, who was involved in the aerospace industries of both China and the United States. His nephew, Roger Y. Tsien, was the 2008 winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.