| Fracking |
|---|
 |
| By country |
| Environmental impact |
| Regulation |
| Technology |
| Politics |
Countries using or considering to use fracking have implemented different regulations, including developing federal and regional legislation, and local zoning limitations.[1][2] In 2011, after public pressure France became the first nation to ban hydraulic fracturing, based on the precautionary principle as well as the principal of preventive and corrective action of environmental hazards.[3][4][5][6] The ban was upheld by an October 2013 ruling of the Constitutional Council.[7] Some other countries have placed a temporary moratorium on the practice.[8] Countries like the United Kingdom and South Africa, have lifted their bans, choosing to focus on regulation instead of outright prohibition.[9][10] Germany has announced draft regulations that would allow using hydraulic fracturing for the exploitation of shale gas deposits with the exception of wetland areas.[11]
The European Union has adopted a recommendation for minimum principles for using high-volume hydraulic fracturing.[12] Its regulatory regime requires full disclosure of all additives.[13] In the United States, the Ground Water Protection Council launched FracFocus.org, an online voluntary disclosure database for hydraulic fracturing fluids funded by oil and gas trade groups and the U.S. Department of Energy.[14][15] Hydraulic fracturing is excluded from the Safe Drinking Water Act's underground injection control's regulation, except when diesel fuel is used. The EPA assures surveillance of the issuance of drilling permits when diesel fuel is employed.[16]
On 17 December 2014, New York state issued a statewide ban on hydraulic fracturing, becoming the second state in the United States to issue such a ban after Vermont.[17]
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
nolonwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Negrowas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Bweek 31.03.2011was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Bweek 04.10.2011was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
autogenerated2was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
autogenerated5was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
AutoZN-1was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
moorewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
BakewellSallywas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
wcn170912was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
bloomberg260213was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
recommendationwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
EUwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
HassBenjaminwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
SoraghanMike02was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
autogenerated4was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Editorial Board (17 December 2014). "Gov. Cuomo Makes Sense on Fracking". New York Times. Retrieved 18 December 2014.