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Reverse racism, sometimes referred to as reverse discrimination,[1] is the concept that affirmative action and similar color-conscious programs for redressing racial inequality are forms of anti-white racism.[2] The concept is often associated with conservative social movements,[2][3] and reflects a belief that social and economic gains by Black people and other people of color cause disadvantages for white people.[4][5][6]
Belief in reverse racism is widespread in the United States; however, there is little to no empirical evidence that white Americans as a group are disadvantaged.[Note 1] Racial and ethnic minorities generally lack the power to damage the interests of whites, who remain the dominant group in the U.S.[7] Claims of reverse racism tend to ignore such disparities in the exercise of power and authority, which most scholars argue constitute an essential component of racism.[1][8][3]
Allegations of reverse racism by opponents of affirmative action began to emerge in the 1970s,[2][9] and have formed part of a racial backlash against social gains by people of color.[10] While the U.S. dominates the debate over the issue, the concept of reverse racism has been used internationally to some extent wherever white supremacy has diminished, such as in post-apartheid South Africa.[4]
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