Sacramento River

Sacramento River Rio del Santísimo Sacramento
Sacramento River from the old pumping station in Sacramento, California
Map of the Sacramento River watershed
Native name	Río Sacramento (Spanish)
Location
Country	United States
State	California
Cities	Mount Shasta, Dunsmuir, Redding, Anderson, Red Bluff, Princeton, Colusa, Davis, Sacramento, West Sacramento, Isleton, Rio Vista, Antioch
Physical characteristics
Source	Confluence of Middle and South Forks
• location	Near Mount Shasta, Siskiyou County
• coordinates	41°16′24″N 122°24′05″W / 41.27333°N 122.40139°W / 41.27333; -122.40139[1]
• elevation	3,674 ft (1,120 m)[2]
Mouth	Suisun Bay
• location	Contra Costa-Solano county line
• coordinates	38°03′48″N 121°51′10″W / 38.06333°N 121.85278°W / 38.06333; -121.85278[1]
• elevation	0 ft (0 m)
Length	400 mi (640 km), North-south[3]
Basin size	26,500 sq mi (69,000 km2)[4]
Discharge
• location	near Sacramento, CA[5][6][7]
• average	28,139 cu ft/s (796.8 m3/s)[6][7]
• minimum	3,970 cu ft/s (112 m3/s)[6]
• maximum	489,000 cu ft/s (13,800 m3/s)[6][7]
Basin features
Tributaries
• left	Pit River, Deer Creek, Butte Creek, Feather River, American River
• right	Clear Creek, Cottonwood Creek, Stony Creek, Cache Creek, Putah Creek
Nicknames	Sac River, Nile of the West[8]

The Sacramento River (Spanish: Río Sacramento) is the principal river of Northern California in the United States and is the largest river in California.^[9] Rising in the Klamath Mountains, the river flows south for 400 miles (640 km) before reaching the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta and San Francisco Bay. The river drains about 26,500 square miles (69,000 km²) in 19 California counties, mostly within the fertile agricultural region bounded by the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada known as the Sacramento Valley, but also extending as far as the volcanic plateaus of Northeastern California. Historically, its watershed has reached as far north as south-central Oregon where the now, primarily, endorheic (closed) Goose Lake rarely experiences southerly outflow into the Pit River, the most northerly tributary of the Sacramento.

The Sacramento and its wide natural floodplain were once abundant in fish and other aquatic creatures, notably one of the southernmost large runs of chinook salmon in North America. For about 12,000 years, humans have depended on the vast natural resources of the watershed, which had one of the densest Native American populations in California. The river has provided a route for trade and travel since ancient times. Hundreds of tribes sharing regional customs and traditions have inhabited the Sacramento Valley, first coming into contact with European explorers in the late 1700s. The Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga named the river Rio de los Sacramentos in 1808, later shortened and anglicized into Sacramento.

In the 19th century, gold was discovered on a tributary of the Sacramento River, starting the California Gold Rush and an enormous population influx to the state. Overland trails such as the California Trail and Siskiyou Trail guided hundreds of thousands of people to the gold fields. By the late part of the century mining had ceased to be a major part of the economy, and many immigrants turned to farming and ranching. Many populous communities were established along the Sacramento River, including the state capital of Sacramento. Intensive agriculture and mining contributed to pollution in the Sacramento River, and significant changes to the river's hydrology and environment.

Since the 1950s the watershed has been intensely developed for water supply and the generation of hydroelectric power. Today, large dams impound the river and almost all of its major tributaries. The Sacramento River is used heavily for irrigation and serves much of Central and Southern California through the canals of giant state and federal water projects. While it is now providing water to over half of California's population and supporting the most productive agricultural area in the nation, these changes have left the Sacramento greatly modified from its natural state and have caused the decline of its once-abundant fisheries.