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Second-wave feminism was a period of feminist activity that began in the early 1960s and lasted roughly two decades, ending with the feminist sex wars in the early 1980s[1] and being replaced by third-wave feminism in the early 1990s.[2] It occurred throughout the Western world and aimed to increase women's equality by building on the feminist gains of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Second-wave feminism built on first-wave feminism and broadened the scope of debate to include a wider range of issues: sexuality, family, domesticity, the workplace, reproductive rights, de facto inequalities, and official legal inequalities.[3] First-wave feminism typically advocated for formal equality and second-wave feminism advocated for substantive equality.[4] It was a movement focused on critiquing patriarchal or male-dominated institutions and cultural practices throughout society.[5] Second-wave feminism also brought attention to issues of domestic violence and marital rape, created rape crisis centers and women's shelters, and brought about changes in custody law and divorce law. Feminist-owned bookstores, credit unions, and restaurants were among the key meeting spaces and economic engines of the movement.[6]
Because white feminists' voices have dominated the narrative from the early days of the movement, typical narratives of second-wave feminism focus on the sexism encountered by white middle- and upper-class women, with the absence of black and other women of color and the experience of working-class women, although women of color wrote and founded feminist political activist groups throughout the movement, especially in the 1970s.[7] At the same time some narratives present a perspective that focuses on events in the United States to the exclusion of the experiences of other countries.
The second wave ignored women's differences. Although they were all women grappling with the issue of sexism in a patriarchal society, feminism in some tropical countries is still very underdeveloped due to the different experiences of sexism encountered by women of different regional races.[8] Writers like Audre Lorde think critically and try to homogenize "sisterhood" while ignoring all factors of one's identity such as race, sexuality, age, and class.[9] The term "intersectionality" was not coined until 1989 by Kimberlé Crenshaw at the end of the second wave. At the same time, many scholars believe that the beginning of third wave feminism was due to the problems of the second wave, rather than just another movement.[8]
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