In terms of the entries of the matrix, if denotes the entry in the -th row and -th column, then the skew-symmetric condition is equivalent to
^Richard A. Reyment; K. G. Jöreskog; Leslie F. Marcus (1996). Applied Factor Analysis in the Natural Sciences. Cambridge University Press. p. 68. ISBN0-521-57556-7.
^Lipschutz, Seymour; Lipson, Marc (September 2005). Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Linear Algebra. McGraw-Hill. ISBN9780070605022.