Spondylolisthesis is when one spinal vertebra in slips out of place compared to another.[1] While some medical dictionaries define spondylolisthesis specifically as the forward or anterior displacement of a vertebra over the vertebra inferior to it (or the sacrum),[2][3] it is often defined in medical textbooks as displacement in any direction.[4][5]
Spondylolisthesis is graded based upon the degree of slippage of one vertebral body relative to the subsequent adjacent vertebral body.[6] Spondylolisthesis is classified as one of the six major etiologies: degenerative, traumatic, dysplastic, isthmic, pathologic, or post-surgical.[7] Spondylolisthesis most commonly occurs in the lumbar spine, primarily at the L5-S1 level, with the L5 vertebral body anteriorly translating over the S1 vertebral body.[7]
^"spondylolisthesis". Farlex medical dictionary. Retrieved 2017-09-07., in turn citing:
Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. Copyright date 2003
Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. Copyright date 2007
The American Heritage Medical Dictionary. Copyright date 2007
Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 9th edition
McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine. Copyright date 2002
Collins Dictionary of Medicine. Copyright date 2005
^Introduction to chapter 17 in: Thomas J. Errico, Baron S. Lonner, Andrew W. Moulton (2009). Surgical Management of Spinal Deformities. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN9781416033721.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Page 250 in: Walter R. Frontera, Julie K. Silver, Thomas D. Rizzo (2014). Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (3 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN9780323222723.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)