Kubrick filming Barry Lyndon in 1975
Stanley Kubrick (1928–1999)[ 1] directed thirteen feature films and three short documentaries over the course of his career. His work as a director, spanning diverse genres,[ 2] is widely regarded as extremely influential .[ 3] [ 4] [ 5]
Kubrick made his directorial debut in 1951 with the documentary short Day of the Fight , followed by Flying Padre later that year. In 1953, he directed his first feature film, Fear and Desire .[ 6] The anti-war allegory's themes reappeared in his later films.[ 7] [ 8] His next works were the film noir pictures Killer's Kiss (1955) and The Killing (1956).[ 9] [ 10] Critic Roger Ebert praised The Killing and retrospectively called it Kubrick's "first mature feature".[ 9] Kubrick then directed two Hollywood films starring Kirk Douglas : Paths of Glory (1957) and Spartacus (1960).[ 11] [ 12] The latter won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama .[ 13] His next film was Lolita (1962), an adaptation of Vladimir Nabokov 's novel of the same name .[ 14] It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay .[ 15] His 1964 film, the Cold War satire Dr. Strangelove featuring Peter Sellers and George C. Scott ,[ 16] received the BAFTA Award for Best Film .[ 17] Along with The Killing , it remains the highest rated film directed by Kubrick according to Rotten Tomatoes .
In 1968, Kubrick directed the space epic 2001: A Space Odyssey . Now widely regarded as among the most influential films ever made ,[ 18] 2001 garnered Kubrick his only personal Academy Award for his work as director of special effects.[ 19] His next project, the dystopian A Clockwork Orange (1971), was an initially X-rated adaptation of Anthony Burgess ' 1962 novella .[ 20] [ 21] [ 22] After reports of crimes inspired by the film's depiction of "ultra-violence", Kubrick had it withdrawn from distribution in the United Kingdom.[ 21] Kubrick then directed the period piece Barry Lyndon (1975), in a departure from his two previous futuristic films.[ 23] It did not perform well commercially and received mixed reviews, but won four Oscars at the 48th Academy Awards .[ 24] [ 25] In 1980, Kubrick adapted a Stephen King novel into The Shining , starring Jack Nicholson and Shelley Duvall .[ 26] Although Kubrick was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Director,[ 27] The Shining is now widely regarded as one of the greatest horror films ever made.[ 26] [ 28] [ 29] Seven years later, he released the Vietnam War film Full Metal Jacket .[ 30] It remains the highest rated of Kubrick's later films according to Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic . In the early 1990s, Kubrick abandoned his plans to direct a Holocaust film titled The Aryan Papers . He was hesitant to compete with Steven Spielberg 's Schindler's List and had become "profoundly depressed" after working extensively on the project.[ 2] [ 31] His final film, the erotic thriller Eyes Wide Shut starring Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman , was released posthumously in 1999.[ 32] An unfinished project that Kubrick referred to as Pinocchio was completed by Spielberg as A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001).[ 33] [ 34]
In 1997, the Venice Film Festival awarded Kubrick the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement. That same year, he received a Directors Guild of America Lifetime Achievement Award , then called the D.W. Griffith Award.[ 35] [ 36] In 1999, the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) presented Kubrick with a Britannia Award .[ 37] After his death, BAFTA renamed the award in his honor: "The Stanley Kubrick Britannia Award for Excellence in Film".[ 38] He was posthumously awarded a BAFTA Fellowship in 2000.[ 39]
^ Holden, Stephen (March 8, 1999). "Stanley Kubrick, Film Director With a Bleak Vision, Dies at 70" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 4, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021 .
^ a b Pulver, Andrew (April 26, 2019). "Stanley Kubrick: film's obsessive genius rendered more human" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021 .
^ Townend, Joe (July 20, 2018). "A Fifty-Year Odyssey: How Stanley Kubrick Changed Cinema" . Sotheby's . Archived from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2021 .
^ Koehler, Robert (Fall 2017). "Kubrick's Outsized Influence" . DGA Quarterly . Directors Guild Of America. Archived from the original on January 8, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2021 .
^ Chilton, Louis (September 29, 2019). "Stanley Kubrick's 10 best films – ranked: From A Clockwork Orange to The Shining" . The Independent . Archived from the original on November 20, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2021 .
^ Erickson, Steve (October 24, 2012). "Stanley Kubrick's First Film Isn't Nearly as Bad as He Thought It Was" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved January 7, 2021 .
^ Cite error: The named reference guardian
was invoked but never defined (see the help page ).
^ Burgess, Jackson (Autumn 1964). "The "Anti-Militarism" of Stanley Kubrick" . Film Quarterly . 18 (1). University of California Press: 4–11. doi :10.2307/1210143 . JSTOR 1210143 . Retrieved January 22, 2021 .
^ a b "Killer's Kiss" . Turner Classic Movies. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2021 .
^ Cite error: The named reference killing
was invoked but never defined (see the help page ).
^ Truit, Brian (February 5, 2020). "Five essential Kirk Douglas movies, from 'Paths of Glory' to (obviously) 'Spartacus' " . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 10, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2021 .
^ Alberge, Dalya (November 9, 2020). "Stanley Kubrick and Kirk Douglas wanted Doctor Zhivago movie rights" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021 .
^ "Spartacus" . Golden Globe Awards. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2021 .
^ Colapinto, John (January 2, 2015). "Nabokov and the Movies" . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on November 28, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2021 .
^ "The 35th Academy Awards" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved February 27, 2021 .
^ Ebert, Roger (July 11, 1999). "Dr. Strangelove" . RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on December 7, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2021 .
^ "Film in 1965" . BAFTA. Archived from the original on September 9, 2019. Retrieved January 6, 2021 .
^ Overbye, Dennis (May 10, 2018). " '2001: A Space Odyssey' Is Still the 'Ultimate Trip' – The rerelease of Stanley Kubrick's masterpiece encourages us to reflect again on where we're coming from and where we're going" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 11, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2021 .
^ Child, Ben (September 4, 2014). "Kubrick 'did not deserve' Oscar for 2001 says FX master Douglas Trumbull" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021 .
^ " 'Clockwork Orange' To Get an 'R' Rating" . The New York Times . August 25, 1972. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021 .
^ a b Cite error: The named reference orange
was invoked but never defined (see the help page ).
^ McCrum, Robert (April 13, 2015). "The 100 best novels: No 82 – A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess (1962)" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2021 .
^ Sims, David (October 26, 2017). "The Alien Majesty of Kubrick's Barry Lyndon" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021 .
^ "Slow burn: Why the languid Barry Lyndon is Kubrick's masterpiece" . BBC. April 25, 2019. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021 .
^ "The 48th Academy Awards" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on July 1, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2021 .
^ a b Michel, Lincoln (October 22, 2018). "The Shining—Maybe the Scariest Movie of All Time—Is on Netflix" . GQ . Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2021 .
^ Marsh, Calum (January 13, 2016). "The man behind the Razzies: 'Brian de Palma had no talent' " . The Guardian . Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2021 .
^ Billson, Anne (October 22, 2012). "The Shining: No 5 best horror film of all time" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2021 .
^ Greene, Andy (October 8, 2014). "Readers' Poll: The 10 Best Horror Movies of All Time" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2021 .
^ Cite error: The named reference jacket
was invoked but never defined (see the help page ).
^ Brody, Richard (March 24, 2011). "Archive Fever: Stanley Kubrick and "The Aryan Papers" " . The New Yorker . Retrieved January 7, 2021 .
^ Turan, Kenneth (July 16, 1999). " 'Eyes' That See Too Much" . The Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 21, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2021 .
^ Ebert, Roger (July 7, 2011). "He just wanted to become a real boy" . RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on May 17, 2019. Retrieved August 14, 2020 .
^ "Spielberg will finish Kubrick's artificial intelligence movie" . The Guardian . London. March 15, 2000. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved August 14, 2020 .
^ Johnson, Ted (February 2, 1997). "DGA gives Kubrick D.W. Griffith Award" . Variety . Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021 .
^ "Steven Spielberg to Receive Lifetime Achievement Award, DGA's Highest Honor" . Directors Guild of America. Archived from the original on November 28, 2019. Retrieved January 6, 2021 .
^ "Britannia Awards Honorees" . BAFTA. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2021 .
^ Torres, Vanessa (July 21, 1999). "BAFTA dubs kudo after Kubrick" . Variety . Archived from the original on March 16, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2021 .
^ "Full List of BAFTA Fellows" . BAFTA. Archived from the original on August 28, 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2020 .