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Staphylococcus schleiferi

Staphylococcus schleiferi
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Bacillota
Class: Bacilli
Order: Bacillales
Family: Staphylococcaceae
Genus: Staphylococcus
Species:
S. schleiferi
Binomial name
Staphylococcus schleiferi
Freney et al. 1988
Subspecies
  • Staphylococcus schleiferi subsp. schleiferi
  • Staphylococcus schleiferi subsp. coagulans Igimi et al. 1990

Staphylococcus schleiferi is a Gram-positive, cocci-shaped bacterium of the family Staphylococcaceae.[1] It is facultatively anaerobic, coagulase-variable, and can be readily cultured on blood agar where the bacterium tends to form opaque, non-pigmented colonies and beta (β) hemolysis.[2] There exists two subspecies under the species S. schleiferi: Staphylococcus schleiferi subsp. schleiferi (coagulase negative) and Staphylococcus schleiferi subsp. coagulans (coagulase positive).[3]

Staphylococcus schleiferi is commonly recognized as a veterinary pathogen affecting household pets, but has not been identified as a disease causing organism in large animals.[4][5] S. schleiferi has been identified as a causative agent of conditions of Pyoderma, Otitis Externa, and Otitis media in both dogs and cats;[4] although more commonly causing inflammatory conditions in dogs than in cats.[6] Human infections have been described in some case reports, resulting in certain disease conditions including: surgical site infections, pediatric meningitis, endocarditis, and intravascular device-related bacteremia.[7] Although both companion animals and humans can acquire disease from this organism, its zoonotic potential is not well understood. Antimicrobial therapy has been generally successful in treatment of infections, however, resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics have been reported, resulting in persistent infections for both humans and veterinary species.[8]

Since its first description in 1988, little has been reported regarding the pathogenicity and virulence of Staphylococcus schleiferi.[9] However, similarities with infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus suggest that the two species may also share similar determinants of virulence.[10] Virulence factors associated with S. schleiferi have been identified to include the production of fatty acid modifying enzyme (FAME), biofilms, penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), as well as various enterotoxins and exoenzymes.[11][12][13][14][15]

Staphylococcus schleiferi is differentiated from other Staphylococcal species based on their coagulation reaction, but because there is a coagulase positive and a coagulase negative subspecies of S. schleiferi, additional biochemical tests are required.[16] These tests are often not done clinically as treatment is based on susceptibility testing and location of the infection.[17]

  1. ^ Fleurette J, Bès M, Brun Y, Freney J, Forey F, Coulet M, et al. (February 1989). "Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus lugdunensis and S. schleiferi: bacteriological characteristics and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents". Research in Microbiology. 140 (2): 107–18. doi:10.1016/0923-2508(89)90044-2. PMID 2799061.
  2. ^ Huse HK, Miller SA, Chandrasekaran S, Hindler JA, Lawhon SD, Bemis DA, et al. (February 2018). "mecA-Mediated Oxacillin Resistance in Staphylococcus schleiferi". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 56 (2). doi:10.1128/jcm.01653-17. PMC 5786728. PMID 29187565.
  3. ^ Igimi S, Takahashi E, Mitsuoka T (October 1990). "Staphylococcus schleiferi subsp. coagulans subsp. nov., isolated from the external auditory meatus of dogs with external ear otitis". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 40 (4): 409–11. doi:10.1099/00207713-40-4-409. PMID 2275856.
  4. ^ a b Sykes JE, Nagle TM, White SD (2014-01-01). "Chapter 84 - Pyoderma, Otitis Externa, and Otitis Media". In Sykes JE (ed.). Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases. Saint Louis: W.B. Saunders. pp. 800–813. ISBN 978-1-4377-0795-3.
  5. ^ May ER, Kinyon JM, Noxon JO (December 2012). "Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus schleiferi from healthy dogs and dogs with otitis, pyoderma or both". Veterinary Microbiology. 160 (3–4): 443–8. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.06.020. PMID 22771206.
  6. ^ Malik S, Peng H, Barton MD (2005–2012). "Antibiotic resistance in staphylococci associated with cats and dogs". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 99 (6): 1283–93. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02699.x. PMID 16313400. S2CID 40949486.
  7. ^ Davis MF, Cain CL, Brazil AM, Rankin SC (2013). "Two coagulase-negative staphylococci emerging as potential zoonotic pathogens: wolves in sheep's clothing?". Frontiers in Microbiology. 4: 123. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00123. PMC 3654208. PMID 23720657.
  8. ^ Morris DO, Rook KA, Shofer FS, Rankin SC (October 2006). "Screening of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus intermedius, and Staphylococcus schleiferi isolates obtained from small companion animals for antimicrobial resistance: a retrospective review of 749 isolates (2003-04)". Veterinary Dermatology. 17 (5): 332–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2006.00536.x. PMID 16961819.
  9. ^ Calvo J, Hernández JL, Fariñas MC, García-Palomo D, Agüero J (October 2000). "Osteomyelitis caused by Staphylococcus schleiferi and evidence of misidentification of this Staphylococcus species by an automated bacterial identification system". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 38 (10): 3887–9. doi:10.1128/JCM.38.10.3887-3889.2000. PMC 87502. PMID 11015429.
  10. ^ Peacock SJ, Lina G, Etienne J, Foster TJ (August 1999). "Staphylococcus schleiferi subsp. schleiferi expresses a fibronectin-binding protein". Infection and Immunity. 67 (8): 4272–5. doi:10.1128/iai.67.8.4272-4275.1999. PMC 96737. PMID 10417204.
  11. ^ Long JP, Hart J, Albers W, Kapral FA (October 1992). "The production of fatty acid modifying enzyme (FAME) and lipase by various staphylococcal species". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 37 (4): 232–4. doi:10.1099/00222615-37-4-232. PMID 1404319.
  12. ^ Lee GY, Lee HH, Hwang SY, Hong J, Lyoo KS, Yang SJ (March 2019). "Staphylococcus schleiferi from canine otitis externa: antimicrobial resistance profiles and virulence factors associated with skin infection". Journal of Veterinary Science. 20 (2): e6. doi:10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e6. PMC 6441802. PMID 30944529.
  13. ^ Kania SA, Williamson NL, Frank LA, Wilkes RP, Jones RD, Bemis DA (September 2004). "Methicillin resistance of staphylococci isolated from the skin of dogs with pyoderma". American Journal of Veterinary Research. 65 (9): 1265–8. doi:10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1265. PMID 15478775.
  14. ^ Zigo F, Vasiľ M, Elečko J, Lapin M, Farkašova Z (2014-05-07). "Production of enterotoxins of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from samples of sheep milk". Potravinarstvo. 8 (1): 92–96. doi:10.5219/361. ISSN 1337-0960.
  15. ^ Lambe DW, Ferguson KP, Keplinger JL, Gemmell CG, Kalbfleisch JH (July 1990). "Pathogenicity of Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus schleiferi, and three other coagulase-negative staphylococci in a mouse model and possible virulence factors". Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 36 (7): 455–63. doi:10.1139/m90-080. PMID 2224644.
  16. ^ Yarbrough ML, Hamad Y, Burnham CA, George IA (November 2017). "Closing the Brief Case: Bacteremia and Vertebral Osteomyelitis Due to Staphylococcus schleiferi". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 55 (11): 3309–3310. doi:10.1128/jcm.00512-17. PMC 5654921. PMID 29066569.
  17. ^ "Staphylococcal Infections - Infectious Diseases". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
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