| Streptococcus dysgalactiae | |
|---|---|
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| Streptococcus dysgalactiae - Beta Haemolytic Group G Streptococcus on Columbia Horse Blood Agar | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacillota |
| Class: | Bacilli |
| Order: | Lactobacillales |
| Family: | Streptococcaceae |
| Genus: | Streptococcus |
| Species: | S. dysgalactiae
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| Binomial name | |
| Streptococcus dysgalactiae (ex Diernhofer 1932) Garvie et al. 1983
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Streptococcus dysgalactiae is a gram positive, beta-haemolytic, coccal bacterium belonging to the family Streptococcaceae. It is capable of infecting both humans and animals, but is most frequently encountered as a commensal of the alimentary tract, genital tract, or less commonly, as a part of the skin flora. The clinical manifestations in human disease range from superficial skin-infections and tonsillitis, to severe necrotising fasciitis and bacteraemia.[1] The incidence of invasive disease has been reported to be rising.[2][3][4] Several different animal species are susceptible to infection by S. dysgalactiae, but bovine mastitis and infectious arthritis in lambs (joint ill) have been most frequently reported.[5][6]
Streptococcus dysgalactiae is currently divided into the subspecies Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae; the former mostly associated with human disease, and the latter almost exclusively encountered in veterinary medicine.[7] Their exact taxonomic delineation, however, is a matter of ongoing debate (See taxonomy).
The names are derived from Greek; Streptococcus meaning chain forming (Streptos) rounded berry-like bodies (kokkos), referring to their usual appearance under a light-microscope. Dys (bad) galactiae (milk) alludes to their propensity to cause bovine mastitis. Equi (horse) similis (like) infers similarity to the closely related species, Streptococcus equi.
- ^ Brandt, CM; Spellerberg, B (1 September 2009). "Human infections due to Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 49 (5): 766–72. doi:10.1086/605085. PMID 19635028.
- ^ Oppegaard, O; Mylvaganam, H; Kittang, BR (February 2015). "Beta-haemolytic group A, C and G streptococcal infections in Western Norway: a 15-year retrospective survey". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 21 (2): 171–8. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2014.08.019. PMID 25658557.
- ^ Sylvetsky, N; Raveh, D; Schlesinger, Y; Rudensky, B; Yinnon, AM (1 June 2002). "Bacteremia due to beta-hemolytic Streptococcus group G: increasing incidence and clinical characteristics of patients". The American Journal of Medicine. 112 (8): 622–6. doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(02)01117-8. PMID 12034411.
- ^ Anonymous (November 2015). "Voluntary surveillance of pyogenic and non-pyogenic streptococcal bacteraemia in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: 2014" (PDF). Health Protection Report: Weekly Report. 9.
- ^ Whist, A. C.; Østerås, O.; Sølverød, L. (2007-02-01). "Streptococcus dysgalactiae isolates at calving and lactation performance within the same lactation". Journal of Dairy Science. 90 (2): 766–778. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(07)71561-8. ISSN 1525-3198. PMID 17235154.
- ^ Rutherford, S. J.; Rycroft, A. N.; Ridler, A. L. (2014-06-07). "Sources of Streptococcus dysgalactiae in English and Welsh sheep flocks affected by infectious arthritis (joint ill)". The Veterinary Record. 174 (23): 579. doi:10.1136/vr.101753. ISSN 2042-7670. PMID 24619629. S2CID 40718768.
- ^ Vieira, Vernica V.; Teixeira, Lúcia M.; Zahner, Viviane; Momen, Hooman; Facklam, Richard R.; Steigerwalt, Arnold G.; Brenner, Don J.; Castro, Angela C. D. (1998-01-01). "Genetic relationships among the different phenotypes of Streptococcus dysgalactiae strains". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 48 (4): 1231–1243. doi:10.1099/00207713-48-4-1231. PMID 9828425.