Back عدوى من دون أعراض Arabic Infección subclínica Spanish 不顕性感染 Japanese Latente infectie Dutch Infecção subclínica Portuguese การติดเชื้อไร้อาการ Thai Subklinik enfeksiyon Turkish Nhiễm trùng cận lâm sàng Vietnamese 亞臨床感染 Chinese

Subclinical infection

Typhoid Mary, pictured above in a 1909 tabloid, was a famous case of a subclinical infection of Salmonella enterica serovar.

A subclinical infection—sometimes called a preinfection or inapparent infection—is an infection by a pathogen that causes few or no signs or symptoms of infection in the host.[1] Subclinical infections can occur in both humans and animals.[2] Depending on the pathogen, which can be a virus or intestinal parasite, the host may be infectious and able to transmit the pathogen without ever developing symptoms;[3][4] such a host is called an asymptomatic carrier.[3] Many pathogens, including HIV, typhoid fever, and coronaviruses such as COVID-19 spread in their host populations through subclinical infection.[3][4][5]

Not all hosts of asymptomatic subclinical infections will become asymptomatic carriers. For example, hosts of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria will only develop active tuberculosis in approximately one-tenth of cases;[6] the majority of those infected by Mtb bacteria have latent tuberculosis, a non-infectious type of tuberculosis that does not produce symptoms in individuals with sufficient immune responses.[7]

Because subclinical infections often occur without eventual overt sign, in some cases their presence is only identified by microbiological culture or DNA techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests.[8][9]

  1. ^ Porta, Miquel (2014). Oxford dictionary of epidemiology (6th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-997672-0.[page needed]
  2. ^ Dimijian, Gregory G. (January 2000). "Pathogens and Parasites: Strategies and Challenges". Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings. 13 (1): 19–29. doi:10.1080/08998280.2000.11927638. PMC 1312209. PMID 16389321.
  3. ^ a b c "Principles of Epidemiology | Lesson 1 - Section 9". www.cdc.gov. 2021-12-20. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
  4. ^ a b Bogoch, Isaac (16 May 2020). "The Term 'Asymptomatic' Is More Complicated Than It Seems When It Comes To Coronavirus Infections". Forbes.
  5. ^ "Questions and Answers | Typhoid Fever | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2020-11-16. Archived from the original on 2016-06-08. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
  6. ^ "Tuberculosis (TB) Detailed Explanation". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. 2009-03-06. Archived from the original on 2010-04-11. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
  7. ^ Drain, Paul K.; Bajema, Kristina L.; Dowdy, David; Dheda, Keertan; Naidoo, Kogieleum; Schumacher, Samuel G.; Ma, Shuyi; Meermeier, Erin; Lewinsohn, David M.; Sherman, David R. (2018-07-18). "Incipient and Subclinical Tuberculosis: a Clinical Review of Early Stages and Progression of Infection". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 31 (4): e00021–18. doi:10.1128/CMR.00021-18. ISSN 0893-8512. PMC 6148193. PMID 30021818.
  8. ^ Yang, S.; Rothman, R. E. (2004). "PCR-based diagnostics for infectious diseases: Uses, limitations, and future applications in acute-care settings". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 4 (6): 337–348. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01044-8. PMC 7106425. PMID 15172342.
  9. ^ Miller, J. M.; Binnicker, M. J.; Campbell, S.; Carroll, K. C.; Chapin, K. C.; Gilligan, P. H.; Gonzalez, M. D.; Jerris, R. C.; Kehl, S. C.; Patel, R.; Pritt, B. S.; Richter, S. S.; Robinson-Dunn, B.; Schwartzman, J. D.; Snyder, J. W.; Telford S III; Theel, E. S.; Thomson Jr, R. B.; Weinstein, M. P.; Yao, J. D. (2018). "A Guide to Utilization of the Microbiology Laboratory for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: 2018 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Society for Microbiology". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 67 (6): e1–e94. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy381. PMC 7108105. PMID 29955859.
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