In Persian, Turkic, Hindustani and Punjabi, the word takhallus (from Arabic تخلّص, lit. 'to get liberated or to become secure';[1][2] Persian: تخلّص, romanized: takhallos; Azerbaijani: təxəllüs; Uzbek: taxallus; Urdu: تخلّص, Hindi: तख़ल्लुस) means a pen name.[3] Pen names were widely adopted by Persian, Turkic, Urdu and Punjabi poets.[4]
The takhallus is often included in the maqta', the last couplet (bayt) of a ghazal.[5][6]
- ^ A Brief History of Persian Literature, by the Iran Chamber Society.
- ^ "Pseudonym, or takhallus, in Urdu: some interesting facts".
- ^ "तख़ल्लुस". Sufinama. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
- ^ Alī, Saiyada Asad (2000). Influence of Islam on Hindi Literature. Idarah-i-Adabiyat-Delli. p. 198.
- ^ "The history, art and performance of ghazal in Hindustani sangeet". Daily Times. 2017-12-21. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ Tamīmʹdārī, Aḥmad (2002). The Book of Iran: A History of Persian Literature : Schools, Periods, Styles and Literary Genres. Alhoda UK. p. 169. ISBN 978-964-472-366-7.