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Transhumanism is a philosophical and intellectual movement that advocates the enhancement of the human condition by developing and making widely available new and future technologies that can greatly enhance longevity, cognition, and well-being.[1][2][3]
Transhumanist thinkers study the potential benefits and dangers of emerging technologies that could overcome fundamental human limitations, as well as the ethics of using such technologies.[4] Some transhumanists speculate that human beings may eventually be able to transform themselves into beings of such vastly greater abilities as to merit the label of posthuman beings.[2]
Another topic of transhumanist research is how to protect humanity against existential risks from artificial general intelligence, asteroid impact, gray goo, high-energy particle collision experiments, natural or synthetic pandemic, and nuclear warfare.[5]
The biologist Julian Huxley popularised the term "transhumanism" in a 1957 essay.[6] The contemporary meaning of the term was foreshadowed by one of the first professors of futurology, a man who changed his name to FM-2030. In the 1960s, he taught "new concepts of the human" at The New School when he began to identify people who adopt technologies, lifestyles, and worldviews "transitional" to posthumanity as "transhuman".[7] The assertion laid the intellectual groundwork for the British philosopher Max More to begin articulating the principles of transhumanism as a futurist philosophy in 1990, organizing in California a school of thought that has since grown into the worldwide transhumanist movement.[7][8][9]
Influenced by seminal works of science fiction, the transhumanist vision of a transformed future humanity has attracted many supporters and detractors from a wide range of perspectives, including philosophy and religion.[7]
In 2017, Penn State University Press, in cooperation with philosopher Stefan Lorenz Sorgner and sociologist James Hughes, established the Journal of Posthuman Studies[10] as the first academic journal explicitly dedicated to the posthuman, with the goal of clarifying the notions of posthumanism and transhumanism, as well as comparing and contrasting both.
Despite its professed strong attachment to the values of liberalism and forward-thinking, some critics argue transhumanism is a dangerous resurgence of many discriminatory attitudes and elitist ideals of the discredited eugenics movements of the past.[11][12][13]
- ^ Mercer, Calvin; Throten, Tracy J., eds. (2015). Religion and Transhumanism: The Unknown Future of Human Enhancement. Praeger. ISBN 978-1-4408-3325-0.
- ^ a b Bostrom, Nick (2005). "A history of transhumanist thought" (PDF). Journal of Evolution and Technology. 14 (1): 1–25. Retrieved February 21, 2006.
- ^ Hopkins, P. D. (2012). "Transhumanism". Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics (Second Edition): 414–422. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-373932-2.00243-X. ISBN 978-0-12-373932-2.
- ^ "We May Look Crazy to Them, But They Look Like Zombies to Us: Transhumanism as a Political Challenge". Archived from the original on November 6, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- ^ Schuster, Joshua; Woods, Derek (2021). Calamity Theory: Three Critiques of Existential Risk. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9781517912918.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Huxley 1957was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
Hughes 2004was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Gelles 2009was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Google Ngram Viewer. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
- ^ "Journal of Posthuman Studies: Philosophy, Technology, Media".
- ^ Sorgner, Stefan Lorenz (2010). "Beyond Humanism: Reflections on Trans- and Posthumanism". Journal of Evolution and Technology. Retrieved May 24, 2023. Section 9.
- ^ Levine, Susan B. (2021). "Creating a Higher Breed: Transhumanism and the Prophecy of Anglo-American Eugenics". Posthuman Bliss? The Failed Promise of Transhumanism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190051495.
- ^ Gebru, Timnit; Torres, Émile P. (2024). "The TESCREAL bundle: Eugenics and the promise of utopia through artificial general intelligence". First Monday. 29 (4). doi:10.5210/fm.v29i4.13636.