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Transport in Shanghai is provided by an extensive network of modes including metro, cycling, bus (incl. trolley bus) and taxis, as well as an expansive network of roadways, and airports. Shanghai has invested heavily in public transportation before and after the 2010 World Expo, including the construction of the Hongqiao transportation hub of high-speed rail, air, metro and bus routes.[1]
Public transport is the major mode of transport in Shanghai as limitations on car purchases were introduced in 1994 in order to limit the growth of automobile traffic and alleviate congestion.[2] New private cars cannot be driven without a license plate, which are sold in monthly license plate auctions which is only accessible for locally registered residents and those who have paid social insurance or individual income taxes for over three years. Around 9,500 license plates are auctioned each month, and the average price is about CN¥89,600 (US$12,739) in 2019.[3] Shanghai (population of 25 million) has over four million cars on the road, the fifth-largest number of any Chinese city.[4] Despite this the city remains plagued by congestion and vehicle pollution.
The coverage of operating costs from the ticket revenue of Shanghai metro lines 1 and 2 was over 100% in the years 2000 to 2003.[5] In 2004, the average daily passenger flow of rail transit was 1.32 million trips, taking up 10.9% of the total public passenger traffic in the city, an increase of 6 percentage points from 3.8% in 2000.[6] The results of the "2011 Shanghai Public Transport Passenger Flow Survey" released by the Municipal Transportation and Port Bureau showed that the city's public transport travel time was gradually reduced. The average travel distance of public transport in 2011 was 8.5 kilometers, the travel time 50.8 minutes per trip and the travel cost of public transport is gradually reduced: in 2011, the cost of rail transit was 2.4 yuan per trip, down 14% from 2005; the cost of bus and tram trips was 1.8 yuan, down 5% from 2005. Metro accounted for 33% of the public transport passenger volume.[7]
In 2018 the public transportation system handled a total of 16.05 million rides on average each day, among which 10.17 million (63%) were made via the Metro and 5.76 million (36%) via buses.[8] Shanghai expressway traffic volume was 1.215 million vehicles on an average day.
- ^ Knight Frank China Knight Frank China Research, Shanghai Annual Industrial Market Report 2009
- ^ 沪牌拍卖规定修订完善调整申请人资格条件 名下已有沪牌额度的不可再参拍 (in Chinese). Shanghai Municipal Government. 19 June 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
- ^ 10月沪牌拍卖结果出炉：中标率6.1%，最低成交价8.93万元. Shanghai Observer (in Chinese). 26 October 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
- ^ Yi, Shi (23 June 2021). "Shanghai leads way in China's carbon transition". China Dialogue. Retrieved June 23, 2021.
- ^ "China, PR: Metro Shanghai, Phases I and II Ex-post evaluation" (PDF).
- ^ "[上海市]上海综合交通建设取得重大成就". gov.cn. Retrieved January 24, 2006.
- ^ "上海轨交平均每乘次花费2.4元". Sina.
- ^ We, Xu; Ya, Zhou; Huihao, Tang. "Shanghai Basic Facts 2019" (PDF). shanghai.gov.cn. Information Office of Shanghai Municipality Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau, Zhongxi Book Company.