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40°23′N 115°36′E / 40.383°N 115.600°E
Crisis of the Tumu Fortress | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Northern Yuan, Oirat Mongols | Ming dynasty | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
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Strength | |||||||
20,000 | 500,000[1] (thought to be an inflated figure)[2] | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
2,000 | 400,000 |
The Crisis of the Tumu Fortress (simplified Chinese: 土木堡之变; traditional Chinese: 土木堡之變), also known as the Tumu Crisis (simplified Chinese: 土木之变; traditional Chinese: 土木之變; Mongolian: Тумугийн тулалдаан), or the Jisi Incident (simplified Chinese: 己巳之变; traditional Chinese: 己巳之變), was a frontier conflict between the Northern Yuan and Ming dynasties. The Oirat ruler of the Northern Yuan, Esen, captured the Emperor Yingzong of Ming on September 1, 1449.[1]