| Urogenital fistula | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Urogenital fistulas, urogenital fistulae |
A urogenital fistula is an abnormal tract that exists between the urinary tract and bladder, ureters, or urethra. A urogenital fistula can occur between any of the organs and structures of the pelvic region. A fistula allows urine to continually exit through and out the urogenital tract. This can result in significant disability, interference with sexual activity, and other physical health issues, the effects of which may in turn have a negative impact on mental or emotional state, including an increase in social isolation.[1] Urogenital fistulas vary in etiology (medical cause). Fistulas are usually caused by injury or surgery, but they can also result from malignancy, infection, prolonged and obstructed labor and deliver in childbirth, hysterectomy, radiation therapy or inflammation.[1] Of the fistulas that develop from difficult childbirth, 97 percent occur in developing countries. Congenital urogenital fistulas are rare; only ten cases have been documented.[2] Abnormal passageways can also exist between the vagina and the organs of the gastrointestinal system, and these may also be termed fistulas.[2]: 673
- ^ a b Bodner-Adler B, Hanzal E, Pablik E, Koelbl H, Bodner K (2017-02-22). "Management of vesicovaginal fistulas (VVFs) in women following benign gynaecologic surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis". PLOS ONE. 12 (2): e0171554. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1271554B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171554. PMC 5321457. PMID 28225769.
- ^ a b Hoffman B, Schorge J, Schaffer J, Halvorson L, Bradshaw K, Cunningham F (2012). Williams Gynecology (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 677–683. ISBN 9780071716727. OCLC 779244257.