Back شذوذ مهبلي Arabic ناهنجاریهای واژن Persian אנומליות בנרתיק HE योनि असंगतियाँ Hindi ਯੋਨੀਅਲ ਖਰਾਬੀ Punjabi
_(14581562657).jpg)
Vaginal anomalies are abnormal structures that are formed (or not formed) during the prenatal development of the female reproductive system and are rare congenital defects that result in an abnormal or absent vagina.[1]
When present, they are often found with uterine, skeletal and urinary abnormalities.[2][3] This is because these structures, like the vagina, are most susceptible to disruption during crucial times of organ-genesis. Many of these defects are classified under the broader term Müllerian duct anomalies.[2][4] Müllerian duct anomalies are caused by a disturbance during the embryonic time of genitourinary development.[5]
The other isolated incidents of vaginal anomalies can occur with no apparent cause. Oftentimes vaginal anomalies are part of a cluster of defects or syndromes. In addition, inheritance can play a part as can prenatal exposure to some teratogens.[2][6][7][8] Many vaginal anomalies are not detected at birth because the external genitalia appear to be normal.[2] Other organs of the reproductive system may not be affected by an abnormality of the vagina. The uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries can be functional despite the presence of a defect of the vagina and external genitalia.[2]
A vaginal anomaly may not affect fertility. Though it depends on the extent of the vaginal defect, it is possible for conception to occur. In instances where a functional ovary exists, IVF may be successful. Functioning ovaries in a woman with a vaginal defect allows the implantation of a fertilized ovum into the uterus of an unaffected gestational carrier, usually another human. A successful conception and can occur.[9][2] Vaginal length varies from 6.5 to 12.5 cm. Since this is slightly shorter than older descriptions, it may impact the diagnosis of women with vaginal agenesis or hypoplasia who may unnecessarily be encouraged to undergo treatment to increase the size of the vagina.[10]
Vaginal anomalies may cause difficulties in urination, conception, pregnancy, impair sex. Psychosocial effects can also exist.[11]
- ^ "Vaginal Anomalies - Pediatrics - Merck Manuals Professional Edition". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved 2018-02-06.
- ^ a b c d e f "Mullerian Duct Anomalies: Overview, Incidence and Prevalence, Embryology". 2016-06-01.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Vaginal Anomalies - Pediatrics - Merck Manuals Professional Edition". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved 2018-01-06.
- ^ "Vaginal Anomalies-Pediatrics-Merck Manuals Professional Edition". Retrieved 2018-01-06.
- ^ "Mullerian Duct Anomalies: Overview, Incidence and Prevalence, Embryology". 2016-06-01.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ The most notable teratogen that is strongly associated with vaginal anomalies is the synthetic hormone Diethylstilbestrol
- ^ The inheritance patterns of some vaginal anomalies can be autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked disorders.
- ^ "Imperforate Hymen: Background, Problem, Epidemiology". 2017-05-04.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Altchek A, Paciuc J (October 2009). "Successful pregnancy following surgery in the obstructed uterus in a uterus didelphys with unilateral distal vaginal agenesis and ipsilateral renal agenesis: case report and literature review". Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 22 (5): e159-62. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2009.02.001. PMID 19576808.
- ^ Lloyd J, Crouch NS, Minto CL, Liao LM, Creighton SM (May 2005). "Female genital appearance: "normality" unfolds". BJOG. 112 (5): 643–6. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00517.x. PMID 15842291. S2CID 17818072.
- ^ "Overview of Congenital Genitourinary Anomalies - Pediatrics - Merck Manuals Professional Edition". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved 2018-02-06.