Walter Ulbricht | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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![]() Ulbricht in 1960 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party[a] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 25 July 1950 – 3 May 1971 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Deputy |
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Preceded by | Wilhelm Pieck Otto Grotewohl | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Erich Honecker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chairman of the State Council | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 12 September 1960 – 1 August 1973 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Wilhelm Pieck (as President of East Germany) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Friedrich Ebert Jr. (acting) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chairman of the National Defense Council | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 11 February 1960 – 3 May 1971 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Secretary |
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Preceded by | Office established | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Erich Honecker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers[b] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 7 October 1949 – 12 September 1960 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chairman | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Position established | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Willi Stoph (1962) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Central Committee Secretariat[c] responsibilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1952–1966 | International Relations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1949–1957 | Church Affairs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1949–1956 | Cadre Affairs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1946–1958 | State and Legal Affairs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1946–1956 | Security Affairs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1946–1950 | Economics | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Born | Walter Ernst Paul Ulbricht 30 June 1893 Leipzig, Kingdom of Saxony, German Empire (now Saxony, Germany) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Died | 1 August 1973 Templin, Bezirk Neubrandenburg, East Germany | (aged 80)||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Resting place | Zentralfriedhof Friedrichsfelde | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nationality | East German | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Political party | Socialist Unity Party (1946–1973) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other political affiliations | Communist Party of Germany (1920–1946) Independent Social Democratic Party (1917–1920) Social Democratic Party (1912–1917) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spouse(s) | Martha Schmellinsky (1920 – 1940s) Lotte Kühn (1953–1973) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Children | Beate Ulbricht | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Occupation |
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Military service | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Allegiance | ![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Branch/service | German Army | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Years of service | 1915–1918 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rank | Gefreiter | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Battles/wars | World War I | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Central institution membership
Other offices held
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Leader of East Germany
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First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party | ||
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Walter Ernst Paul Ulbricht (German: [ˈvaltɐ ˈʔʊlbʁɪçt]; 30 June 1893 – 1 August 1973) was a German communist politician. Ulbricht played a leading role in the creation of the Weimar-era Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and later in the early development and establishment of the German Democratic Republic. As the First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party from 1950 to 1971, he was the chief decision-maker in East Germany. From President Wilhelm Pieck's death in 1960 on, he was also the East German head of state until his own death in 1973. As the leader of a significant Communist satellite, Ulbricht had a degree of bargaining power with the Kremlin that he used effectively. For example, he demanded the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 when the Kremlin was reluctant.[1]
Ulbricht began his political life during the German Empire, when he joined first the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in 1912 later joining the anti-World War I Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD) in 1917. The following year, he deserted the Imperial German Army and took part in the German Revolution of 1918. He joined the Communist Party of Germany in 1920 and became a leading party functionary, serving in its Central Committee from 1923 onward. After the Nazi takeover of Germany in 1933 and the Nazi-led investigation into his role in ordering the 1931 murder of police captains Paul Anlauf and Franz Lenck, Ulbricht lived in Paris and Prague from 1933 to 1937 and in the Soviet Union from 1937 to 1945.
After the end of World War II, Ulbricht re-organized the German Communist Party in the Soviet occupation zone along Stalinist lines. He played a key role in the forcible merger of the KPD and SPD into the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) in 1946. He became the First Secretary of the SED and effective leader of the recently established East Germany in 1950. The Soviet Army occupation force violently suppressed the uprising of 1953 in East Germany on 17 June 1953, while Ulbricht hid in the Soviet Army headquarters in Berlin-Karlshorst. East Germany joined the Soviet-controlled Warsaw Pact upon its founding in 1955. Ulbricht presided over the total suppression of civil and political rights in the East German state, which functioned as a communist-ruled dictatorship from its founding in 1949 onward.
The nationalization of East German industry under Ulbricht failed to raise the standard of living to a level comparable to that of West Germany. The result was massive emigration, with hundreds of thousands of people fleeing the country to the west every year in the 1950s. When Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev gave permission for a wall to stop the outflow in Berlin, Ulbricht had the Berlin Wall built in 1961, which triggered a diplomatic crisis but succeeded in curtailing emigration. The failures of Ulbricht's New Economic System and Economic System of Socialism from 1963 to 1970 led to his forcible retirement for "health reasons" and replacement as First Secretary in 1971 by Erich Honecker with Soviet approval. Ulbricht suffered a stroke and died in 1973.
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