Back رياضة نسائية Arabic Esport femení Catalan Deporte femenino Spanish Emakumeen kirol Basque ورزش زنان Persian Naisten urheilu Finnish Sport féminin French ספורט נשים HE Sport femminile Italian 女子スポーツ Japanese
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Women and girls have participated in sports, physical fitness, and exercise throughout history. However, the extent of their involvement has varied depending on factors such as country, time period, geographical location, and level of economic development (Coakley, 2009; Hargreaves, 1994).[1] The modern era of organized sports, with structured competitions and formalized activities, did not fully emerge for either women or men until the late industrial age (Cahn, 1994). This shift marked a significant change in how sports were structured and practiced, eventually leading to more inclusive opportunities for female participation (Eitzen, 2009).[2]
Until roughly 1870, women's activities tended to be informal and recreational in nature, lacked rules codes, and emphasized physical activity rather than competition.[3] Today, women's sports are more sport-specific and have developed into both amateur levels and professional levels in various places internationally, but is found primarily within developed countries where conscious organization and accumulation of wealth has occurred. In the mid-to-latter part of the 20th century, female participation in sport and the popularization of their involvement increased, particularly during its last quarter. Very few organized sports have been invented by women. Sports such as Newcomb ball, netball, acrobatic gymnastics, and tumbling,[4] and possibly stoolball, are examples.
Women's involvement in sports is more visible in well-developed countries and today their level of participation and performance still varies greatly by country and by sport. Despite an increase in women's participation in sport, the male demographic is still the larger of the two.[3] These demographic differences are observed globally. Female dominated sports are the one exception. Girls' participation in sports tend to be higher in the United States than in other parts of the world like Western Europe and Latin America.[5] Girls' participation in more violent contact sports is far less than that of their male counterparts.
Two important divisions exist in relation to female sporting categories. These sports either emerged exclusively as an organized female sport with male exclusion or were developed as an organized female variant of a sport first popularized by a male demographic and therefore became a female category. In all but a few exceptional cases, such as in the case of camogie, a female variant, or "women's game" uses the same name of the sport popularly played by men, but is classified into a different category which is differentiated by sex: men's or women's, or girls or boys. Female variants are widely common while organized female sports by comparison are rare and include team sports such as netball, throwball, artistic (née synchronized) swimming,[6] and ringette. In female sports, the supposed benefits of gender parity,[7] gender equity and sex segregation are controversial.[8]
Except in a few rare cases like women's professional tennis, professional women's sport rarely provide competitors with a livable income. In addition, competing for media coverage of the women's variant of a sport which is primarily popular among males, creates complex barriers. More recently, there has been an increasing amount of interest, research, investment and production in regards to equipment design for female athletes. Interest and research involving the identification of sex-specific injuries, particularly though not exclusively among high performance female athletes, has increased as well, such as in the case of concussions[9][10][11] and the female athlete triad, a.k.a. "Relative energy deficiency in sport" (RED-S).[12][13]
At times female athletes have engaged in social activism in conjunction with their participation in sport. Protest methods have included playing strikes, social media campaigns, and in the case of America, federal lawsuits on grounds of inequality, usually as it relates to gender parity principles, American law and Title IX which demand schools that any funds given to support students' sports should be equally distributed between boys and girls. Public service oriented promotional campaigns for girls in sport involve a variety of media campaign styles.[14]
- ^ Cahn, Susan K. (1995). Coming on Strong: Gender and Sexuality in Twentieth-century Women's Sport. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-14434-7.
- ^ Stanley Eitzen, D. (4 February 2016). Fair and Foul: Beyond the Myths and Paradoxes of Sport. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-4845-8. Retrieved 2024-11-29.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ a b Gerber, E.W., Felshin, J., Berlin, P., & Wyrick, W. (Eds.). (1974). The American woman in sport. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
- ^ "Sports women created for women". nbcsports.com. Sports Boston. 8 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
- ^ Marshall, J.; Hardman, K. (2016-07-24). "The State and Status of Physical Education in Schools in International Context". European Physical Education Review. 6 (3): 203–229. doi:10.1177/1356336x000063001. S2CID 145215300.
- ^ Valosik, Vicki (2021-08-07). "Where Did 'Synchronized Swimming' Go?". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2021-08-07.
- ^ Doomen, Jasper (2023-10-10). "Equality of competition: A consistent approach to equality of opportunity in sport". Economic Affairs. 43 (3): 340–352. doi:10.1111/ecaf.12600. hdl:1820/1d2e2972-b49e-439e-b81c-b32697a9b242.
- ^ "Sex and Gender Segregation in Competitive Sport: Internal and External Normative Perspectives". 80 Law & Contemp. Probs. 47 (2017). 8 March 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
- ^ Sanderson, Katharine (3 August 2021). "Why sports concussions are worse for women". Nature. 596 (7870): 26–28. Bibcode:2021Natur.596...26S. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-02089-2. PMID 34345049. S2CID 236915619.
- ^ "Girls suffer sports concussions at a higher rate than boys. Why is that overlooked?". Washington Post. 10 February 2015.
- ^ Mac Shneider (14 February 2018). "Why women's ice hockey has a higher concussion rate than football". vox.com. Vox. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
- ^ NYT Opinion (7 November 2019). "I Was the Fastest Girl in America, Until I Joined Nike". youtube.com. The New York Times. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
REDS Nike Newswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "If She Can't See It, She Can't Be It". youtube.com. 20x20 Campaign. 15 October 2018.