↑Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. XIX–XX
↑Nuria Sanz, Sjur Bergan (eds.): The Heritage of European Universities, Council of Europe, 2002, ISBN 92-871-4960-7, p. 119
↑George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages", Studia Islamica, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (264)