Tantaran' ny kristianisma

Ny tantaran' ny kristianisma dia tantara mahakasika ny fivavahana kristiana, ny Tontolo Kristiana, ary ny Kristiana miaraka amin' ny antokom-pinoana kristiana samihafa, nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato voalohany ka hatramin' izao.

Ny kristianisma dia niainga tamin' ny asa fanompoana nataon' i Jesoa (na Jesosy), izay Jiosy mpampianatra sy mpanasitrana, nanambara ny maha efa akaiky ny fanjakan' Andriamanitra ary nohomboana tamin' ny hazo fijaliana tamin' ny taona 30–33 taor. J.K. tao Jerosalema tao Jodea izay faritany rômana tamin' izany fotoana izany^[1]. Mino ny mpanara-dia azy fa, araka ny Filazantsara na Evanjely dia Zanak' Andriamanitra izy ary maty ho famelan-keloka ary natsangana tamin' ny maty sy nasandratr' Andriamanitra, ary hiverina tsy ho ela amin' ny fiandohan' ny fanjakan' Andriamanitra^[1].

Ny mpanara-dia an' i Jesoa voalohany indrindra dia ireo Kristiana jiosy apôkaliptika^[1]. Nijanona ho sekta jiosy ny kristianisma nandritra ny taonjato maro tany amin' ny toerana sasany, nisaraka tsikelikely tamin' ny jodaisma noho ny tsy fitovian-kevitra ara-pampianarana sy ara-tsôsialy ary ara-tantara^[2].

Ny fampidirana ny Jentily na Jentilisa ao amin' ny Fiangonana kristiana voalohany izay an-dalam-pandrosoana dia niteraka fisarahana teo amin' ny jodaisma sy ny kristianisma jiosy nandritra ireo taonjato roa voalohany tamin' ny vanim-potoana kristiana^[3]. Na dia teo aza ny fanenjehana tsindraindray tao amin' ny Empira Rômana, dia niely amin' ny maha fihetsiketseham-bahoaka ilay hetsika ara-pivavahana izay niorina tamin' ny taonjato fahatelo^[4].

Tamin' ny taona 313, ny emperora Kônstantino I dia namoaka ny Didy tao Milano izay naha ara-dalàna ny fivavahana kristiana^[5]. Adihevitra isan-karazany momba ny maha olombelona na ny maha Andriamanitra an' i Jesoa no nibahana tao amin' ny Fiangonana Kristiana nandritra ny taonjato telo. Io adihevitra kristôlôjika io dia nandreraka ny Fiangonana kristiana nandritra ny taonjato roa, ary ny kônsily ekiomenika fito dia natao mba hamahàna ireo adihevitra ireo^[6]. Nomelohina ny arianisma nandritra amin' ny Kônsily voalohany tao Nikea (taona 325), izay nanohana ny fampianarana momba ny Trinite izay nohazavaina tao amin' ny Fanekem-pinoana nikeana^[6]. Tamin' ny taona 380, niaraka tamin' ny Didy tao Tesalônika navoaka teo ambany fitarihan' i Teôdôsiôsy I, ny Empira Rômana dia nandray tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy ny kristianisma trinitariana ho fivavaham-panjakana, ary ny kristianisma dia nametraka ny tenany ho fivavahana rômanina nanjaka tao amin' ny Fiangonan' ny Empira Rômana^[7].

Nitana anjara toerana lehibe teo amin' ny fivoaran' ny sivilizasiôna tandrefana tany Eorôpa ny kristianisma taorian' ny faharavan' ny Empira Rômana^[8]. Tany am-piandohan' ny Andro Antenatenany, ny asa fitoriana nataon' ny misiônera dia nampiely ny kristianisma tany Andrefana sy tany Avaratra teo amin' ny vahoaka jermanika^[9], nankany atsinanana tao amin' ny Armeniana, Jeôrjiana ary ny Slavy^[10]; any Atsinanana Afovoany teo amin' ny Siriana sy Ejipsiana^[11]; any Afrika Atsinanana tao amin' ny Etiôpiana^[12]; ary taty aoriana tany Azia Afovoany, any Sina asy India^[13].

Nandritra ny Andro Antenatenany Ambony (manodidina ny taona 1000 hatramin' ny 1250) dia nisaraka ny kristianisma tatsinanana sy kristianisma tandrefana, ka nitarika ho amin' ny Fisarahan' ny Fiangonana Tatsinanana sy Tandrefana tamin' ny taona 1054. Nitombo ny fanakianana ny Eglizy Katôlika Rômana sy ny fitondran-tena tao aminy ka niterika ny Fanavaozana prôtestanta sy ny hetsika prôtestanta tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 sy ny fivakisan' ny kristianisma tandrefana;izay niteraka ny Adim-pivavahana tao Eorôpa sy ny fampandrosoana ny fandeferana ny fisian' ny fivavahana hafa, ary ny Taonjaton' ny Fahazavana^[14].

Nanomboka tamin' ny vanim-potoan' ny Renaissance, miaraka amin' ny fanjanahan-tany izay nentanin' ny Fiangonana, dia niely eran' izao tontolo izao ny kristianisma^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]. Niely eran' izao tontolo izao ny kristianisma ka amin' izao fotoana izao dia misy Kristiana maherin' ny 2 000 tapitrisa eran-tany^[20], ary ny kristianisma no lasa fivavahana lehibe indrindra eran-tany^[21]. Tao anatin' ny taonjato farany, rehefa nihena ny herin' ny kristianisma tany Andrefana, dia nitombo haingana izany tany Atsinanana sy tany amin' ny faritra Atsimo eto an-Tany; any Sina, any Kôrea Atsimo ary any amin' ny ankamaroan' ny firenena aty Afrika atsimon' i Sahara^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25].

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 et ^1,2 Hadisoan-tsiahy: Balise <ref> incorrecte : aucun texte n’a été fourni pour les références nommées :0
↑ Wylen, Stephen M. (1995). The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction. Paulist Press, pp. 190–193.
↑ Wilken, Robert Louis (2013). The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11884-1. JSTOR j.ctt32bd7m.5. LCCN 2012021755. S2CID 160590164. (pp. 37-46)
↑ Hopkins, Keith (1998). "Christian Number and Its Implications". Journal of Early Christian Studies. 6 (2): 185–226. doi:10.1353/earl.1998.0035. S2CID 170769034. p. 192.
↑ Wilken, Robert Louis (2013). The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11884-1. JSTOR j.ctt32bd7m.5. LCCN 2012021755. S2CID 160590164. (pp. 75-87)
↑ ^6,0 et ^6,1 Wilken, Robert Louis (2013). The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11884-1. JSTOR j.ctt32bd7m.5. LCCN 2012021755. S2CID 160590164. (pp. 88-98)
↑ Wilken, Robert Louis (2013). The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11884-1. JSTOR j.ctt32bd7m.5. LCCN 2012021755. S2CID 160590164. (pp. 127-135)
↑ "Roman Catholicism". Britannica. 16 December 2023: "[Christianity] has been the decisive spiritual force in the history of Western civilization".
↑ Wilken, Robert Louis (2013). The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11884-1. JSTOR j.ctt32bd7m.5. LCCN 2012021755. S2CID 160590164. (pp. 257-268, 269-278)
↑ Wilken, Robert Louis (2013). The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11884-1. JSTOR j.ctt32bd7m.5. LCCN 2012021755. S2CID 160590164. (pp. 229–237, 344–354)
↑ Wilken, Robert Louis (2013). The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11884-1. JSTOR j.ctt32bd7m.5. LCCN 2012021755. S2CID 160590164. (pp. 205–213, 222–228)
↑ Wilken, Robert Louis (2013). The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11884-1. JSTOR j.ctt32bd7m.5. LCCN 2012021755. S2CID 160590164. (pp. 214–221)
↑ Wilken, Robert Louis (2013). The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11884-1. JSTOR j.ctt32bd7m.5. LCCN 2012021755. S2CID 160590164. (pp. 238–245)
↑ Corrigan, John; Neal, Lynn S., eds. (2010). "Religious Intolerance toward Native American Religions". Religious Intolerance in America: A Documentary History. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 125–146. doi:10.5149/9780807895955_corrigan.9. ISBN 978-0-8078-3389-6. LCCN 2009044820. S2CID 183694926., pp. 125–146.
↑ Pointer, Richard W. (2011). "Part III: The Boundaries of Tolerance and Intolerance in Early America – Native Freedom? Indians and Religious Tolerance in Early America". In Beneke, Chris; Grenda, Christopher S. (eds.). The First Prejudice: Religious Tolerance and Intolerance in Early America. Early American Studies. Philadelphia and Oxford: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 168–194. ISBN 9780812223149. JSTOR j.ctt3fhn13.10. LCCN 2010015803.
↑ Corrigan, John; Neal, Lynn S., eds. (2010). "Religious Intolerance toward Native American Religions". Religious Intolerance in America: A Documentary History. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 125–146. doi:10.5149/9780807895955_corrigan.9. ISBN 9780807833896. LCCN 2009044820. S2CID 183694926.
↑ Stannard, David E. (1992). "Pestilence and Genocide". American Holocaust: Columbus and the Conquest of the New World. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 57–146. ISBN 0-19-508557-4.
↑ Thornton, Russell (1987). "Overview of Decline: 1492 to 1890–1900". American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492. The Civilization of the American Indian Series. Vol. 186. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 42–158. ISBN 0-8061-2074-6.
↑ Adherents.com, Religions by Adherents
↑ "Religion by Country 2021". worldpopulationreview.com. Notsidihina tamin' ny 18 Desambra 2021.
↑ MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2009). A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years (1st ed.). London and New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-7139-9869-6. OCLC 2009379999.
↑ Jenkins, Philip (2011). "The Rise of the New Christianity". The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 101–133. ISBN 9780199767465. LCCN 2010046058.
↑ Freston, Paul (2008). "The Changing Face of Christian Proselytization: New Actors from the Global South". In Hackett, Rosalind I. J. (ed.). Proselytization Revisited: Rights Talk, Free Markets, and Culture Wars (1st ed.). New York and London: Routledge. pp. 109–138. ISBN 9781845532284. LCCN 2007046731.
↑ Robbins, Joel (October 2004). Brenneis, Don; Strier, Karen B. (eds.). "The Globalization of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity". Annual Review of Anthropology. Annual Reviews. 33: 117–143. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093421. ISSN 1545-4290. JSTOR 25064848. S2CID 145722188.
↑ Robert, Dana L. (April 2000). Hastings, Thomas J. (ed.). "Shifting Southward: Global Christianity Since 1945" (PDF). International Bulletin of Missionary Research. SAGE Publications on behalf of the Overseas Ministries Study Center. 24 (2): 50–58. doi:10.1177/239693930002400201. ISSN 0272-6122. S2CID 152096915. Arsiva (PDF) from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.

[:0-1] 1,0 ^1,1 et ^1,2 Hadisoan-tsiahy: Balise <ref> incorrecte : aucun texte n’a été fourni pour les références nommées :0

[2] Wylen, Stephen M. (1995). The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction. Paulist Press, pp. 190–193.

[3] Wilken, Robert Louis (2013). The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11884-1. JSTOR j.ctt32bd7m.5. LCCN 2012021755. S2CID 160590164. (pp. 37-46)

[4] Hopkins, Keith (1998). "Christian Number and Its Implications". Journal of Early Christian Studies. 6 (2): 185–226. doi:10.1353/earl.1998.0035. S2CID 170769034. p. 192.

[5] Wilken, Robert Louis (2013). The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11884-1. JSTOR j.ctt32bd7m.5. LCCN 2012021755. S2CID 160590164. (pp. 75-87)

[:3-6] 6,0 et ^6,1 Wilken, Robert Louis (2013). The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11884-1. JSTOR j.ctt32bd7m.5. LCCN 2012021755. S2CID 160590164. (pp. 88-98)

[7] Wilken, Robert Louis (2013). The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11884-1. JSTOR j.ctt32bd7m.5. LCCN 2012021755. S2CID 160590164. (pp. 127-135)

[8] "Roman Catholicism". Britannica. 16 December 2023: "[Christianity] has been the decisive spiritual force in the history of Western civilization".

[9] Wilken, Robert Louis (2013). The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11884-1. JSTOR j.ctt32bd7m.5. LCCN 2012021755. S2CID 160590164. (pp. 257-268, 269-278)

[10] Wilken, Robert Louis (2013). The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11884-1. JSTOR j.ctt32bd7m.5. LCCN 2012021755. S2CID 160590164. (pp. 229–237, 344–354)

[11] Wilken, Robert Louis (2013). The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11884-1. JSTOR j.ctt32bd7m.5. LCCN 2012021755. S2CID 160590164. (pp. 205–213, 222–228)

[12] Wilken, Robert Louis (2013). The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11884-1. JSTOR j.ctt32bd7m.5. LCCN 2012021755. S2CID 160590164. (pp. 214–221)

[13] Wilken, Robert Louis (2013). The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11884-1. JSTOR j.ctt32bd7m.5. LCCN 2012021755. S2CID 160590164. (pp. 238–245)

[14] Corrigan, John; Neal, Lynn S., eds. (2010). "Religious Intolerance toward Native American Religions". Religious Intolerance in America: A Documentary History. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 125–146. doi:10.5149/9780807895955_corrigan.9. ISBN 978-0-8078-3389-6. LCCN 2009044820. S2CID 183694926., pp. 125–146.

[15] Pointer, Richard W. (2011). "Part III: The Boundaries of Tolerance and Intolerance in Early America – Native Freedom? Indians and Religious Tolerance in Early America". In Beneke, Chris; Grenda, Christopher S. (eds.). The First Prejudice: Religious Tolerance and Intolerance in Early America. Early American Studies. Philadelphia and Oxford: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 168–194. ISBN 9780812223149. JSTOR j.ctt3fhn13.10. LCCN 2010015803.

[16] Corrigan, John; Neal, Lynn S., eds. (2010). "Religious Intolerance toward Native American Religions". Religious Intolerance in America: A Documentary History. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 125–146. doi:10.5149/9780807895955_corrigan.9. ISBN 9780807833896. LCCN 2009044820. S2CID 183694926.

[17] Stannard, David E. (1992). "Pestilence and Genocide". American Holocaust: Columbus and the Conquest of the New World. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 57–146. ISBN 0-19-508557-4.

[18] Thornton, Russell (1987). "Overview of Decline: 1492 to 1890–1900". American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492. The Civilization of the American Indian Series. Vol. 186. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 42–158. ISBN 0-8061-2074-6.

[19] Adherents.com, Religions by Adherents

[20] "Religion by Country 2021". worldpopulationreview.com. Notsidihina tamin' ny 18 Desambra 2021.

[21] MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2009). A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years (1st ed.). London and New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-7139-9869-6. OCLC 2009379999.

[22] Jenkins, Philip (2011). "The Rise of the New Christianity". The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 101–133. ISBN 9780199767465. LCCN 2010046058.

[23] Freston, Paul (2008). "The Changing Face of Christian Proselytization: New Actors from the Global South". In Hackett, Rosalind I. J. (ed.). Proselytization Revisited: Rights Talk, Free Markets, and Culture Wars (1st ed.). New York and London: Routledge. pp. 109–138. ISBN 9781845532284. LCCN 2007046731.

[24] Robbins, Joel (October 2004). Brenneis, Don; Strier, Karen B. (eds.). "The Globalization of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity". Annual Review of Anthropology. Annual Reviews. 33: 117–143. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093421. ISSN 1545-4290. JSTOR 25064848. S2CID 145722188.

[25] Robert, Dana L. (April 2000). Hastings, Thomas J. (ed.). "Shifting Southward: Global Christianity Since 1945" (PDF). International Bulletin of Missionary Research. SAGE Publications on behalf of the Overseas Ministries Study Center. 24 (2): 50–58. doi:10.1177/239693930002400201. ISSN 0272-6122. S2CID 152096915. Arsiva (PDF) from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

Tantaran' ny kristianisma

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia · View on Wikipedia