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Orang Roma

Orang Roma
Bendera orang Roma, dicipta tahun 1933 dan dirasmikan Kongres Roma Sedunia 1971
Jumlah penduduk
2–20 juta[1][2][3][4]
 Amerika Syarikat1,000,000 orang dianggarkan dengan darah keturunan Roma[note 1][5][6]
 Brazil800,000 orang[7]
 Sepanyol750,000–1,100,000 orang (1.87%)[8][9][10][11][12]
 Romania619,007 orang (3.3%)[note 2][13][9][14][15]
 Turki500,000–2,750,000 orang (3.78%)[9][16][17][18]
 Perancis350,000–500,000 orang[19][20]
 Bulgaria325,343 orang[note 3]–750,000 (10.33%)[21][22]
 Hungary309,632[note 4]–870,000 (8.8%)[23][24]
 Argentinas. 300,000 orang[25]

Orang Roma merupakan suatu kumpulan etnik Indo-Arya yang bertaburan secara berpindah-randah kebanyakannya di benua-benua Eropah dan Amerika; mereka didapati berasal dari utara anak benua India utara[26][27][28] merangkumi rantau Rajasthan, Haryana dan Punjab di India moden.[27][28]

Kependudukan masyarakat ini paling tertumpu terutamanya di Eropah Tengah, Timur dan Selatan (termasuk Turki, Sepanyol dan Perancis Selatan). Romani berasal dari India utara dan tiba di Asia Barat dan Eropah sekitar 1,000 tahun yang lalu.[29] Masyarakat ini telah dikaitkan dengan satu lagi rumpun etnik Indo-Aryan, orang Dom : kedua-dua kumpulan ini dikatakan telah berkongsi suatu leluhur yang sama[30] yang berhijrah meninggalkan India Utara antara abad ke-6 hingga ke-11.[29] Sebahagian daripada masyarakat ini telah berhijrah ke benua-benua Amerika Utara dan Selatan bermula pada abad ke-19[31] - terdapat sejumlah satu juta orang penduduk berketurunan masyarakat ini di Amerika Syarikat; Brazil pula dihuni kira-kira 800,000 orang berketurunan ini, sebahagiannya datang hasil pemindahan paksa dilakukan Empayar Portugis semasa Pasitan dilakukan di kerajaan tersebut.[32]

Masyarakat ini sering dikenali umum sekurang-kurangnya keitka zaman dahulu dengan nama Gipsi (Gypsy); walhal sesetengah golongan yang disasarkan ini menganggap ia istilah yang kasar atau merendahkan kerana konotasi ia dengan perwatakan haram dan ketidakteraturan.[33]

  1. ^ Lewis, M. Paul, penyunting (2009). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World" (online) (ed. 16th). Dallas, TX: SIL. Dicapai pada 15 September 2010. Ian Hancock's 1987 estimate for 'all Gypsies in the world' was 6 to 11 million.
  2. ^ "EU demands action to tackle Roma poverty". BBC News. 5 April 2011.
  3. ^ "The Roma". Nationalia. Dicapai pada 20 November 2015.
  4. ^ "Rom". Encyclopædia Britannica. Dicapai pada 15 September 2010. ... estimates of the total world Roma population range from two million to five million.
  5. ^ The Marginalization of Shadow Minorities (Roma) and Its Impact on Opportunities. m/s. 117. ISBN 978-1-109-78487-9. Dicapai pada 27 July 2016.
  6. ^ Kayla Webley (13 October 2010). "Hounded in Europe, Roma in the U.S. Keep a Low Profile". Time. Dicapai pada 3 October 2015. Today, estimates put the number of Roma in the U.S. at about one million.
  7. ^ "Falta de políticas públicas para ciganos é desafio para o governo" [Lack of public policy for Romani is a challenge for the administration] (dalam bahasa Portuguese). R7. 2011. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 11 Januari 2012. Dicapai pada 22 Januari 2012. The Special Secretariat for the Promotion of Racial Equality estimates the number of "ciganos" (Romanis) in Brazil at 800,000 (2011). The 2010 IBGE Brazilian National Census encountered gypsy camps in 291 of Brazil's 5,565 municipalities. Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  8. ^ "Roma integration in Spain". European Commission – European Commission (dalam bahasa Inggeris).
  9. ^ a b c "Roma and Travellers Team. TOOLS AND TEXTS OF REFERENCE. Estimates on Roma population in European countries" (PDF)Council of Europe Roma and Travellers DivisionCS1 maint: postscript (link)
  10. ^ Estimated by the Society for Threatened Peoples [1]
  11. ^ "The Situation of Roma in Spain" (PDF). Open Society Institute. 2002. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 1 December 2007. Dicapai pada 15 September 2010. The Spanish government estimates the number of Gitanos at a maximum of 650,000.
  12. ^ "Diagnóstico social de la comunidad gitana en España : Un análisis contrastado de la Encuesta del CIS a Hogares de Población Gitana 2007" (PDF). mscbs.gob.es. 2007. Tabla 1. La comunidad gitana de España en el contexto de la población romaní de la Unión Europea. Población Romaní: 750.000 [...] Por 100 habitantes: 1,87% [...] se podrían llegar a barajar cifras [...] de 1.100.000 personas
  13. ^ "Roma integration in Romania". European Commission – European Commission (dalam bahasa Inggeris).
  14. ^ 2011 census data, based on table 7 Population by ethnicity, gives a total of 621,573 Roma in Romania. This figure is disputed by other sources, because at the local level, many Roma declare a different ethnicity (mostly Romanian, but also Hungarian in Transylvania and Turkish in Dobruja). Many are not recorded at all, since they do not have ID cards [2]. International sources give higher figures than the official census(UNDP's Regional Bureau for Europe Diarkibkan 7 Oktober 2006 di Wayback Machine, World Bank, International Association for Official Statistics Diarkibkan 26 Februari 2008 di Wayback Machine).
  15. ^ "Rezultatele finale ale Recensământului din 2011 – Tab8. Populația stabilă după etnie – județe, municipii, orașe, comune" (XLS) (dalam bahasa Romanian). National Institute of Statistics (Romania). 5 July 2013. Dicapai pada 18 December 2013.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) However, various organizations claim that there are 2 million Romanis in Romania. See [3]
  16. ^ "Archived copy". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 10 October 2012. Dicapai pada 17 June 2014. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  17. ^ "Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı!" [The number of Kurds in Turkey!] (dalam bahasa Turkish). 6 June 2008. Dicapai pada 2 January 2016.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  18. ^ "Türkiye'deki Çingene nüfusu tam bilinmiyor. 2, hatta 5 milyon gibi rakamlar dolaşıyor Çingenelerin arasında". Hurriyet (dalam bahasa Turki). TR. 8 May 2005. Dicapai pada 2 January 2016.
  19. ^ "Situation of Roma in France at crisis proportions". EurActiv Network. 7 December 2005. Dicapai pada 21 October 2015. According to the report, the settled Gypsy population in France is officially estimated at around 500,000, although other estimates say that the actual figure is much closer to 1.2 million.
  20. ^ Gorce, Bernard (22 July 2010). "Roms, gens du voyage, deux réalités différentes". La Croix. Dicapai pada 21 October 2016. [MANUAL TRANS.] The ban prevents statistics on ethnicity to give a precise figure of French Roma, but we often quote the number 350,000. For travellers, the administration counted 160,000 circulation titles in 2006 issued to people aged 16 to 80 years. Among the travellers, some have chosen to buy a family plot where they dock their caravans around a local section (authorized since the Besson Act of 1990).
  21. ^ Население по местоживеене, възраст и етническа група [Population by place of residence, age and ethnic group]. Bulgarian National Statistical Institute (dalam bahasa Bulgaria). Dicapai pada 22 June 2015. Self declared
  22. ^ "Roma Integration – 2014 Commission Assessment: Questions and Answers" (Siaran akhbar). Brussels: European Commission. 4 April 2014. Dicapai pada 28 April 2016. EU and Council of Europe estimates
  23. ^ Vukovich, Gabriella (2018). Mikrocenzus 2016 - 12. Nemzetiségi adatok [2016 microcensus - 12. Ethnic data] (PDF). Hungarian Central Statistical Office (dalam bahasa Hungary). Budapest. ISBN 978-963-235-542-9. Dicapai pada 9 January 2019.
  24. ^ János, Pénzes; Zoltán, István; Patrik, Tátrai. "Changes in the Spatial Distribution of the Roma Population in Hungary During the Last Decades" (PDF). Területi Statisztika. doi:10.15196/TS580101 (Tidak aktif 2019-03-15).CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of Mac 2019 (link)
  25. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Hazel Marsh
  26. ^ Hancock 2002.
  27. ^ a b K. Meira Goldberg; Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum; Michelle Heffner Hayes (2015). Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives. McFarland. m/s. 50. ISBN 978-0-7864-9470-5. Dicapai pada 8 December 2015.
  28. ^ a b Simon Broughton; Mark Ellingham; Richard Trillo (1999). World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Rough Guides. m/s. 147. ISBN 978-1-85828-635-8. Dicapai pada 8 December 2015.
  29. ^ a b Kenrick, Donald (5 July 2007). Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies) (ed. 2nd). Scarecrow Press. m/s. xxxvii. ISBN 978-0-8108-6440-5. The Gypsies, or Romanies, are an ethnic group that arrived in Europe around the 14th century. Scholars argue about when and how they left India, but it is generally accepted that they did emigrate from northern India some time between the 6th and 11th centuries, then crossed the Middle East and came into Europe.
  30. ^ "What is Domari?". University of Manchester. Romani Linguistics and Romani Language Projects. Dicapai pada 23 July 2008.
  31. ^ Sutherland 1986.
  32. ^ Corrêa Teixeira, Rodrigo. "A história dos ciganos no Brasil" (PDF). Dhnet.org.br. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada Julai 2011. Dicapai pada 9 November 2017.
  33. ^ Randall, Kay. "What's in a Name? Professor take on roles of Romani activist and spokesperson to improve plight of their ethnic group". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 5 February 2005. Dicapai pada 30 January 2013.


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