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Sosialisme

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Sosialisme merupakan teori atau sistem organisasi sosial dan ekonomi di mana salah satu ciri utamanya adalah hasil kekayaan negara serta alat dan pengurusan mengerjakan sumber kekayaan dinikmati bersama oleh seluruh rakyat secara sama rata[10][11] baik melalui kepemilikan negara, kolektif, koperasi, atau penuntutan semula wang pelaburan.[12] Fahaman ini tiada tafsiran tunggal utama yang mampu memenuhi semua intipatinya,[13] dengan kepemilikan sosial menjadi unsur umum yang dimiliki berbagai variannya.[5][14][15] Namun, sosialisme umumnya difahamkan bertujuan membela masyarakat daripada dipergunakan tenaganya secara tidak adil[16] dan menggalakkan kemajuan diri sesama anggotanya.[17]

Parti-parti berfahaman sosialis boleh bersatu tenaga dengan kesatuan/serikat pekerja, pada waktu lain mandiri dan kritis terhadap serikat; serta ada di negara terindustrialisasi atau berkembang.[18] Parti dan gagasan sosialis tetap menjadi kekuatan politik dengan berbagai-bagai tingkat kekuatan dan pengaruh di semua benua, serta memimpin pemerintahan nasional di banyak negara di dunia. Saat ini, beberapa jurusan sosialisme juga mengambil guna prinsip dari gerakan sosial lain, seperti kecintalaman, feminisme dan progresivisme.[19] Fahaman demokrasi sosial sendirinya berkembang lanjut dari ideologi sosialisme yang telah merangkul ekonomi campuran dengan pasar yang mencakup intervensi negara yang substantif dalam bentuk pengagihan semula pendapatan, pengaturan, dan dasar-dasar kebajikan. Demokrasi ekonomi mengusulkan semacam sosialisme pasaran yang lebih memecahkan kawalan ke atas perusahaan, mata wang, pelaburan, dan sumber daya alam.

Gerakan politik sosialis mencakup serangkaian falsafah sahsiah yang berasal dari gerakan revolusioner pertengahan hingga akhir abad ke-18, dan kerana adanya kepedulian terhadap masalah sosial yang terkait dengan kapitalisme.[13] Pada akhir abad ke-19, setelah karya Karl Marx dan kolaboratornya Friedrich Engels, sosialisme telah menjadi wahana melawan kapitalisme dan menganjurkan sistem pascakapitalis yang didasarkan kepada kemahuan sesebuah masyarakat berhak milik ke atas pengusahaan hasil kekayaan diraih.[20][21] Pada 1920-an, demokrasi sosial dan komunisme dominan di gerakan sosialis antarabangsa.[22] Pada masa tersebut sosialisme muncul sebagai "gerakan sekular paling berpengaruh pada abad ke-20 di seluruh dunia. Sosialisme adalah ideologi politik (atau pandangan dunia), gerakan politik yang luas dan terpecah-pecah"[23] dan ketika kebangkitan Kesatuan Soviet sebagai negara sosialis nominal pertama di dunia menyebabkan menyebarnya asosisasi sosialisme dengan model ekonomi Soviet, beberapa ahli ekonomi dan cendekiawan berpendapat bahawa model tersebut berfungsi sebagai bentuk kapitalisme negara,[24][25][26] pentadbiran tidak terancang atau ekonomi komando.[27][28]

  1. ^ Sinclair, Upton (1 January 1918). Upton Sinclair's: A Monthly Magazine: for Social Justice, by Peaceful Means If Possible. Socialism, you see, is a bird with two wings. The definition is 'social ownership and democratic control of the instruments and means of production.'
  2. ^ Nove, Alec. "Socialism". New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Second Edition (2008). A society may be defined as socialist if the major part of the means of production of goods and services is in some sense socially owned and operated, by state, socialised or cooperative enterprises. The practical issues of socialism comprise the relationships between management and workforce within the enterprise, the interrelationships between production units (plan versus markets), and, if the state owns and operates any part of the economy, who controls it and how.
  3. ^ Rosser, Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. (23 July 2003). Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. m/s. 53. ISBN 978-0-262-18234-8. Socialism is an economic system characterised by state or collective ownership of the means of production, land, and capital.
  4. ^ "What else does a socialist economic system involve? Those who favor socialism generally speak of social ownership, social control, or socialization of the means of production as the distinctive positive feature of a socialist economic system" N. Scott Arnold. The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism : A Critical Study. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 8
  5. ^ a b Busky, Donald F. (2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Praeger. m/s. 2. ISBN 978-0-275-96886-1. Socialism may be defined as movements for social ownership and control of the economy. It is this idea that is the common element found in the many forms of socialism.
  6. ^ Bertrand Badie; Dirk Berg-Schlosser; Leonardo Morlino (2011). International Encyclopedia of Political Science. SAGE Publications, Inc. m/s. 2456. ISBN 978-1-4129-5963-6. Socialist systems are those regimes based on the economic and political theory of socialism, which advocates public ownership and cooperative management of the means of production and allocation of resources.
  7. ^ Zimbalist, Sherman and Brown, Andrew, Howard J. and Stuart (1988). Comparing Economic Systems: A Political-Economic Approach. Harcourt College Pub. m/s. 7. ISBN 978-0-15-512403-5. Pure socialism is defined as a system wherein all of the means of production are owned and run by the government and/or cooperative, nonprofit groups.
  8. ^ Brus, Wlodzimierz (2015). The Economics and Politics of Socialism. Routledge. m/s. 87. ISBN 978-0-415-86647-7. This alteration in the relationship between economy and politics is evident in the very definition of a socialist economic system. The basic characteristic of such a system is generally reckoned to be the predominance of the social ownership of the means of production.
  9. ^ Michie, Jonathan (2001). Readers Guide to the Social Sciences. Routledge. m/s. 1516. ISBN 978-1-57958-091-9. Just as private ownership defines capitalism, social ownership defines socialism. The essential characteristic of socialism in theory is that it destroys social hierarchies, and therefore leads to a politically and economically egalitarian society. Two closely related consequences follow. First, every individual is entitled to an equal ownership share that earns an aliquot part of the total social dividend…Second, in order to eliminate social hierarchy in the workplace, enterprises are run by those employed, and not by the representatives of private or state capital. Thus, the well-known historical tendency of the divorce between ownership and management is brought to an end. The society—i.e. every individual equally—owns capital and those who work are entitled to manage their own economic affairs.
  10. ^ [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]
  11. ^ "2. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) any of various social or political theories or movements in which the common welfare is to be achieved through the establishment of a socialist economic system" "Socialism" at The Free dictionary
  12. ^ O'Hara, Phillip (September 2003). Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2. Routledge. m/s. 71. ISBN 0-415-24187-1. In order of increasing decentralisation (at least) three forms of socialized ownership can be distinguished: state-owned firms, employee-owned (or socially) owned firms, and citizen ownership of equity.
  13. ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, halaman 1
  14. ^ Arnold, Scott (1994). The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism: A Critical Study. Oxford University Press. m/s. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-19-508827-4. This term is harder to define, since socialists disagree among themselves about what socialism ‘really is.’ It would seem that everyone (socialists and nonsocialists alike) could at least agree that it is not a system in which there is widespread private ownership of the means of production…To be a socialist is not just to believe in certain ends, goals, values, or ideals. It also requires a belief in a certain institutional means to achieve those ends; whatever that may mean in positive terms, it certainly presupposes, at a minimum, the belief that these ends and values cannot be achieved in an economic system in which there is widespread private ownership of the means of production…Those who favor socialism generally speak of social ownership, social control, or socialization of the means of production as the distinctive positive feature of a socialist economic system.
  15. ^ Hastings, Mason and Pyper, Adrian, Alistair and Hugh (21 December 2000). The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought. Oxford University Press. m/s. 677. ISBN 978-0-19-860024-4. Socialists have always recognized that there are many possible forms of social ownership of which co-operative ownership is one...Nevertheless, socialism has throughout its history been inseparable from some form of common ownership. By its very nature it involves the abolition of private ownership of capital; bringing the means of production, distribution, and exchange into public ownership and control is central to its philosophy. It is difficult to see how it can survive, in theory or practice, without this central idea.
  16. ^ Le Quid. (dalam bahasa Perancis). 1995. m/s. 904.« Le socialisme a commencé par condamner les inégalités sociales et l’exploitation de l’homme par l’homme, et par demander que l’intérêt général prime en tout sur l’intérêt individuel. »
  17. ^ Nouveau Petit Robert de la langue française (dalam bahasa Perancis). 2007. m/s. 2382. « Doctrine d’organisation sociale qui entend faire prévaloir l’intérêt, le bien général, sur les intérêts particuliers, au moyen d’une organisation concertée (opposée à libéralisme) ; organisation sociale qui tend aux mêmes but dans un souci de progrès social. »
  18. ^ "In fact, socialism has been both centralist and local; organized from above and built from below; visionary and pragmatic; revolutionary and reformist; anti-state and statist; internationalist and nationalist; harnessed to political parties and shunning them; an outgrowth of trade unionism and independent of it; a feature of rich industrialized countries and poor peasant-based communities" Michael Newman. Socialism: A very Short introduction. Oxford University Press. 2005. p. 2.
  19. ^ Garrett Ward Sheldon. Encyclopedia of Political Thought. Fact on File. Inc. 2001. p. 280.
  20. ^ Gasper, Phillip (October 2005). The Communist Manifesto: a road map to history's most important political document. Haymarket Books. m/s. 24. ISBN 978-1-931859-25-7. As the nineteenth century progressed, "socialist" came to signify not only concern with the social question, but opposition to capitalism and support for some form of social ownership.
  21. ^ Anthony Giddens. Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics. 1998 edition. Cambridge, England, UK: Polity Press, 1994, 1998. p. 71.
  22. ^ "Chapter 1 looks at the foundations of the doctrine by examining the contribution made by various traditions of socialism in the period between the early 19th century and the aftermath of the First World War. The two forms that emerged as dominant by the early 1920s were social democracy and communism." Michael Newman. Socialism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. 2005. p. 5
  23. ^ George Thomas Kurian (ed). The Encyclopedia of Political Science CQ Press. Washington, DC 2011. p. 1554
  24. ^ 'State Capitalism' in the Soviet Union, M.C. Howard and J.E. King
  25. ^ Richard D. Wolff (27 June 2015). Socialism Means Abolishing the Distinction Between Bosses and Employees Diarkibkan 2018-03-11 di Wayback Machine. Truthout. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  26. ^ Noam Chomsky (1986). The Soviet Union Versus Socialism. chomsky.info.
  27. ^ Wilhelm, John Howard (1985). "The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy". Soviet Studies. 37 (1): 118–30. doi:10.1080/09668138508411571.
  28. ^ Ellman, Michael (2007). "The Rise and Fall of Socialist Planning". Dalam Estrin, Saul; Kołodko, Grzegorz W.; Uvalić, Milica (penyunting). Transition and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Mario Nuti. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. m/s. 22. ISBN 978-0-230-54697-4. In the USSR in the late 1980s the system was normally referred to as the ‘administrative-command’ economy. What was fundamental to this system was not the plan but the role of administrative hierarchies at all levels of decision making; the absence of control over decision making by the population...
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