Rudolf Steiner

Rudolf Steiner
Rudolf Steiner in 1905
Algemene informatie
Volledige naam	Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner
Geboren	25 of 27 februari 1861[1] Donji Kraljevec
Overleden	30 maart 1925 Dornach
Bekend van	Grondlegger van de antroposofie
Portaal    Esoterie

Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner (Donji Kraljevec, 25 of 27 februari 1861^[1][2] – Dornach, 30 maart 1925) was een Oostenrijkse esotericus, schrijver, architect, filosoof die een geheel eigen zienswijze op pedagogie had. Hij is bekend geworden als grondlegger van de antroposofie en zijn praktische toepassingen, zoals de Vrije scholen in Nederland, in België de Steinerscholen, in Duitsland bekend onder de naam Waldorfschule, de antroposofische geneeswijze, de heilpedagogie, de sociale driegeleding en de biologisch-dynamische landbouw. Ook heeft hij hulp en advies geboden bij de oprichting van het kerkgenootschap De Christengemeenschap.

Een aanzienlijk aantal ideeën van Steiner worden door de wetenschappelijke en academische wereld als pseudowetenschappelijk beschouwd.^{[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]} Hij was ook vatbaar voor pseudogeschiedenis.^{[3][15][16][17]}

1. ↑ ^{a b} Citefout: Onjuist label <ref>; er is geen tekst opgegeven voor referenties met de naam Leijenhorst
2. ↑ Dasgoetheanum.ch Neue Dokumente Rudolf Steiners Geburtstag am 27. Februar 1861
3. ↑ ^{a b} (en) Gardner, Martin (1957). Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science. Dover Publications, 169, 224f. ISBN 978-0-486-20394-2. Geraadpleegd op 31 januari 2022 "The late Rudolf Steiner, founder of the Anthroposophical Society, the fastest growing cult in post-war Germany... Closely related to the organic farming movement is the German anthroposophical cult founded by Rudolf Steiner, whom we met earlier in connection with his writings on Atlantis and Lemuria. ... In essence, the anthroposophists' approach to the soil is like their approach to the human body—a variation of homeopathy. (See Steiner's An Outline of Anthroposophical Medical Research, English translation, 1939, for an explanation of how mistletoe, when properly prepared, will cure cancer by absorbing "etheric forces" and strengthening the "astral body.") They believe the soil can be made more "dynamic" by adding to it certain mysterious preparations which, like the medicines of homeopathic "purists," are so diluted that nothing material of the compound remains."
4. ↑ (en) Dugan, Dan, Flynn, Tom, Dawkins, Richard (2007). The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief. Prometheus Books, Publishers, 74–75. ISBN 9781615922802. Geraadpleegd op 21 juni 2015 "Anthroposophical pseudoscience is easy to find in Waldorf schools. “Goethean science” is supposed to be based only on observation, without “dogmatic” theory. Because observations make no sense without a relationship to some hypothesis, students are subtly nudged in the direction of Steiner’s explanations of the world. Typical departures from accepted science include the claim that Goethe refuted Newton’s theory of color, Steiner’s unique “threefold” systems in physiology, and the oft-repeated doctrine that “the heart is not a pump” (blood is said to move itself)."
5. ↑ (en) Ruse, Michael (25 september 2013). The Gaia Hypothesis: Science on a Pagan Planet. University of Chicago Press, pp. 128. ISBN 9780226060392. Geraadpleegd op 21 juni 2015 "We have rather a mishmash of religion on the one hand and pseudoscience on the other, as critics have pointed out (e.g., Shermer 2002, 32). It is hard to tell where one ends and the other begins, but for our purposes it is not really important."
6. ↑ (en) Regal, Brian (2009). Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia: A Critical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, "Astral Projection", p. 29. ISBN 978-0-313-35508-0. Geraadpleegd op 31 januari 2022 "The Austrian philosopher and occultist Rudolf Steiner (1861 - 1925) claimed that, by astral projection, he could read the Akashic Record. ... Other than anecdotal eyewitness accounts, there is no evidence of the ability to astral project, the existence of other planes, or of the Akashic Record."
7. ↑ (en) Gorski, David H., Kaufman, Allison B.,Kaufman, James C. (2019). Pseudoscience: The Conspiracy Against Science. MIT Press, p. 313. ISBN 978-0-262-53704-9. Geraadpleegd op 31 januari 2022 "To get an idea of what mystical nonsense anthroposophic medicine is, I like to quote straight from the horse's mouth, namely Physician's Association for Anthroposophic Medicine, in its pamphlet for patients:"
8. ↑ (en) Oppenheimer, Todd (2007). The Flickering Mind: Saving Education from the False Promise of Technology. Random House Publishing Group, p. 384. ISBN 978-0-307-43221-6. Geraadpleegd op 31 januari 2022 "In Dugan's view, Steiner's theories are simply "cult pseudoscience"."
9. ↑ (en) Ruse, Michael, Pigliucci, Massimo, Boudry, Maarten (2013). Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem. University of Chicago Press, p. 227. ISBN 978-0-226-05182-6. Geraadpleegd op 31 januari 2022 "It is not so much that they have a persecution or martyr complex, but that they do revel in having esoteric knowledge unkown to or rejected by others, and they have the sorts of personalities that rather enjoy being on the fringe or outside. Followers of Rudolf Steiner's biodynamic agriculture are particularly prone to this syndrome. They just know they are right and get a big kick out of their opposition to genetically modified foods and so forth."
10. ↑ (en) Dugan, Dan, Shermer, Michael, Linse, Pat (2002). The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience. ABC-CLIO, "v. 1", 31–33. ISBN 978-1-57607-653-8 "In physics, Steiner championed Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s color theory over Isaac Newton, and he called relativity “brilliant nonsense.” In astronomy, he taught that the motions of the planets were caused by the relationships of the spiritual beings that inhabited them. In biology, he preached vitalism and doubted germ theory."
11. ↑ (de) Kienle, Gunver S., Kiene, Helmut, Albonico, Hans Ulrich (2006). Anthroposophische Medizin: Health Technology Assessment Bericht – Kurzfassung. Forschende Komplementärmedizin 13 (2): 7–18. PMID 16883076. DOI: 10.1159/000093481. “teils ergänzend und teils ersetzend zur konventionellen Medizin”. Cited in Ernst, Edzard (2008). Anthroposophic medicine: A critical analysis. MMW Fortschritte der Medizin 150 Suppl 1: 1–6. PMID 18540325.
12. ↑ (de) Treue, Peter, Blut und Bohnen: Der Paradigmenwechsel im Künast-Ministerium ersetzt Wissenschaft durch Okkultismus. Die Gegenwart. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (13 maart 2002). Gearchiveerd op 17 april 2003. Geraadpleegd op 15 november 2011.
13. ↑ (en) Storr, Anthony (1997). Feet of Clay: Saints, Sinners, and Madmen: A Study of Gurus. Free Press Paperbacks, Simon & Schuster, New York [1996], "IV. Rudolf Steiner", 69–70. ISBN 0-684-83495-2 "His belief system is so eccentric, so unsupported by evidence, so manifestly bizarre, that rational skeptics are bound to consider it delusional.... But, whereas Einstein's way of perceiving the world by thought became confirmed by experiment and mathematical proof, Steiner's remained intensely subjective and insusceptible of objective confirmation."
14. ↑ (en) Mahner, Martin (2007). General Philosophy of Science: Focal Issues. Elsevier Science, p. 548. ISBN 978-0-08-054854-8. Geraadpleegd op 2 maart 2022 "Examples of such fields are various forms of “alternative healing” such as shamanism, or esoteric world views like anthroposophy ... For this reason, we must suspect that the “alternative knowledge” produced in such fields is just as illusory as that of the standard pseudosciences."
15. ↑ (en) Fritze, Ronald H. (2009). Invented Knowledge. Reaktion Books, London, "Atlantis: Mother of Pseudohistory", 45, 61. ISBN 978-1-86189-430-4 "For the Theosophists and other occultists Atlantis has a greater importance since it forms an integral part of their religious worldview."
16. ↑ (en) Lachman, Gary (2007). Rudolf Steiner: An Introduction to His Life and Work. Penguin Publishing Group, xix, 233. ISBN 978-1-101-15407-6. Geraadpleegd op 29 February 2024 "I formulated the cognitive challenge I was presenting myself with in this way: How can I account for the fact that, on one page, Steiner can make a powerful and original critique of Kantian epistemology—basically, the idea that there are limits to knowledge—yet on another make, with all due respect, absolutely outlandish and, more to the point, seemingly unverifiable statements about life in ancient Atlantis?"
17. ↑ (en) Staudenmaier, Peter (2014). Between Occultism and Nazism: Anthroposophy and the Politics of Race in the Fascist Era. Brill, pp. 8. ISBN 978-90-04-27015-2. Geraadpleegd op 3 februari 2022 "In Steiner’s view, “ordinary history” was “limited to external evidence” and hence no match for “direct spiritual perception.”²² Indeed for anthroposophists, “conventional history” constitutes “a positive hindrance to occult research.”²³"