Zaprzeczanie globalnemu ociepleniu

Zaprzeczanie globalnemu ociepleniu (denializm klimatyczny, denializm globalnego ocieplenia, także negacjonizm klimatyczny) – zjawisko będące częścią kontrowersji wokół globalnego ocieplenia. Na denializm klimatyczny składają się bezzasadne – zdaniem przeważającej części naukowców – wątpliwości lub poglądy negujące fakty naukowe o zmianach klimatu – włączając w to podważanie działalności ludzkiej jako podstawowej przyczyny zmian klimatycznych oraz konsekwencji globalnego ocieplenia dla przyrody i ludzkości^[1]^[2]^[3].

Wśród denialistów są zarówno osoby, które akceptują używanie terminu „denializm”, jak i osoby preferujące określenie „sceptycyzm globalnego ocieplenia”^[2]. Naukowcy zajmujący się tą dziedziną stoją na stanowisku, że „jest niewłaściwym ukrywać zaprzeczanie nauce pod płaszczykiem sceptycznej postawy naukowej”. W konsekwencji oba wymienione terminy funkcjonują w dyskursie publicznym i odnoszą się do szeregu poglądów, które cechuje odrzucanie w mniejszym bądź większym stopniu ugruntowanej wiedzy naukowej w sprawach zmian klimatycznych^[4]^[5].

Denializm klimatyczny może również przybierać charakter niejawny. Wskazują na to badania społeczne, które wyróżniają niejawny denializm klimatyczny jako jeszcze jedną formę denializmu^[4]^[5]. Pojęcie to odnosi się do sytuacji, gdy akceptowane są fakty naukowe, jednak akceptacja ta nie przekłada się na konkretne działania^[6].

↑
National Center for Science Education: Climate change is good science. 4 czerwca 2010. (ang.).: „The first pillar of climate change denial – that climate change is bad science – attacks various aspects of the scientific consensus about climate change … there are climate change deniers:
- who deny that significant climate change is occurring
- who … deny that human activity is significantly responsible
- who … deny the scientific evidence about its significant effects on the world and our society…
- who … deny that humans can take significant actions to reduce or mitigate its impact.
Of these varieties of climate change denial, the most visible are the first and the second.”.
↑ ^a ^b Why Is It Called Denial?. National Center for Science Education. (ang.).
↑ James Lawrence Powell: The Inquisition of Climate Science. Columbia University Press, 1 grudnia 2012. ISBN 978-0-231-15719-3. (ang.).: „Anatomy of Denial – Global warming deniers…. throw up a succession of claims, and fall back from one line of defense to the next as scientists refute each one in turn. Then they start over:
'The earth is not warming.’
'All right, it is warming but the Sun is the cause.’
'Well then, humans are the cause, but it doesn’t matter, because it warming will do no harm. More carbon dioxide will actually be beneficial. More crops will grow.’
'Admittedly, global warming could turn out to be harmful, but we can do nothing about it.’
'Sure, we could do something about global warming, but the cost would be too great. We have more pressing problems here and now, like AIDS and poverty.’
'We might be able to afford to do something to address global warming some-day, but we need to wait for sound science, new technologies, and geoengineering.’
'The earth is not warming. Global warming ended in 1998; it was never a crisis.’.
↑ ^a ^b R.E. Dunlap. Climate Change Skepticism and Denial: An Introduction. „American Behavioral Scientist”. 57 (6), s. 691–698, 2013. SAGE. DOI: 10.1177/0002764213477097. [dostęp 2015-05-27]. (ang.).
„There is debate over which term is most appropriate… Those involved in challenging climate science label themselves „skeptics”… Yet skepticism is…a common characteristic of scientists, making it inappropriate to allow those who deny AGW to don the mantle of skeptics…It seems best to think of skepticism-denial as a continuum, with some individuals (and interest groups) holding a skeptical view of AGW…and others in complete denial”.
↑ ^a ^b John Timmer: Skeptics, deniers, and contrarians: The climate science label game. 16 grudnia 2014. (ang.).
↑ NCSE Tackles Climate Change Denial. 13 stycznia 2012. Cytat: Science education is under attack… by climate change deniers, who ignore a mountain of evidence gathered over the last fifty years that the planet is warming and that humans are largely responsible. These deniers attempt to sabotage science education with fringe ideas, pseudoscience, and outright lies. (ang.).: „Climate change denial is most conspicuous when it is explicit, as it is in controversies over climate education. The idea of implicit (or „implicatory”) denial, however, is increasingly discussed among those who study the controversies over climate change. Implicit denial occurs when people who accept the scientific community’s consensus on the answers to the central questions of climate change on the intellectual level fail to come to terms with it or to translate their acceptance into action. Such people are in denial, so to speak, about climate change.”.

[ncse-pillars-1] National Center for Science Education: Climate change is good science. 4 czerwca 2010. (ang.).: „The first pillar of climate change denial – that climate change is bad science – attacks various aspects of the scientific consensus about climate change … there are climate change deniers:
who deny that significant climate change is occurring

who … deny that human activity is significantly responsible

who … deny the scientific evidence about its significant effects on the world and our society…

who … deny that humans can take significant actions to reduce or mitigate its impact.
Of these varieties of climate change denial, the most visible are the first and the second.”.

[2] who deny that significant climate change is occurring

[3] who … deny that human activity is significantly responsible

[4] who … deny the scientific evidence about its significant effects on the world and our society…

[5] who … deny that humans can take significant actions to reduce or mitigate its impact.

[NCSE-why-denial-2] Why Is It Called Denial?. National Center for Science Education. (ang.).

[Powell2012-3] James Lawrence Powell: The Inquisition of Climate Science. Columbia University Press, 1 grudnia 2012. ISBN 978-0-231-15719-3. (ang.).: „Anatomy of Denial – Global warming deniers…. throw up a succession of claims, and fall back from one line of defense to the next as scientists refute each one in turn. Then they start over:
'The earth is not warming.’
'All right, it is warming but the Sun is the cause.’
'Well then, humans are the cause, but it doesn’t matter, because it warming will do no harm. More carbon dioxide will actually be beneficial. More crops will grow.’
'Admittedly, global warming could turn out to be harmful, but we can do nothing about it.’
'Sure, we could do something about global warming, but the cost would be too great. We have more pressing problems here and now, like AIDS and poverty.’
'We might be able to afford to do something to address global warming some-day, but we need to wait for sound science, new technologies, and geoengineering.’
'The earth is not warming. Global warming ended in 1998; it was never a crisis.’.

[continuum-4] R.E. Dunlap. Climate Change Skepticism and Denial: An Introduction. „American Behavioral Scientist”. 57 (6), s. 691–698, 2013. SAGE. DOI: 10.1177/0002764213477097. [dostęp 2015-05-27]. (ang.).
„There is debate over which term is most appropriate… Those involved in challenging climate science label themselves „skeptics”… Yet skepticism is…a common characteristic of scientists, making it inappropriate to allow those who deny AGW to don the mantle of skeptics…It seems best to think of skepticism-denial as a continuum, with some individuals (and interest groups) holding a skeptical view of AGW…and others in complete denial”.

[Timmer-5] John Timmer: Skeptics, deniers, and contrarians: The climate science label game. 16 grudnia 2014. (ang.).

[NCSE_implicit-6] NCSE Tackles Climate Change Denial. 13 stycznia 2012. Cytat: Science education is under attack… by climate change deniers, who ignore a mountain of evidence gathered over the last fifty years that the planet is warming and that humans are largely responsible. These deniers attempt to sabotage science education with fringe ideas, pseudoscience, and outright lies. (ang.).: „Climate change denial is most conspicuous when it is explicit, as it is in controversies over climate education. The idea of implicit (or „implicatory”) denial, however, is increasingly discussed among those who study the controversies over climate change. Implicit denial occurs when people who accept the scientific community’s consensus on the answers to the central questions of climate change on the intellectual level fail to come to terms with it or to translate their acceptance into action. Such people are in denial, so to speak, about climate change.”.

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Zaprzeczanie globalnemu ociepleniu

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