Lunnon

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Lunnon
Frae upper left: Ceety o Lunnon, Tower Bridge an Lunnon Eye, Palace o Wastmeenster
Lunnon region in the Unitit Kinrick
Coordinates: 51°30′26″N 0°7′39″W / 51.50722°N 0.12750°W / 51.50722; -0.12750Coordinates: 51°30′26″N 0°7′39″W / 51.50722°N 0.12750°W / 51.50722; -0.12750
Sovereign state	Unitit Kinrick
Kintra	Ingland
Region	Lunnon
Ceremonial coonties	Ceety an Greater Lunnon
Destricts	Ceety an 32 burghs
Settled bi Romans	as Londinium, c. 43 AD
Heidquairters	City Hall
Govrenment
• Regional authority	Greater Lunnon Authority
• Regional assembly	Lunnon Assembly
• Mayor o Lunnon	Sadiq Khan
• UK Pairlament *Lunnon Assembly *European Pairlament	74 constituencies 14 constituencies Lunnon constituency
Elevation [1]	24 m (79 ft)
Population [2]
• Lunnon	8,630,000
• Density	5,490/km2 (14,200/sq mi)
• Urban	9787426
• Metro	13879757
Demonym(s)	Lunnoner Ethnic groups 59.8% White 44.9% White Breetish 2.2% White Erse 12.7% Ither White   5% Mixed 1.5% Black Caribbean & White 0.8% Black African & White 1.2% Sooth Asie & White 1.5% Ither mixed   16.9% Sooth Asie 6.6% Indie 2.7% Pakistani 2.7% Bangladeshi 4.9% Ither Sooth Asie   13.3% Black 7% Black African 4.2% Black Caribbean 2.1% Ither Black   4.9% East Asie or Ither 1.5% Chinese 3.4% Ither
Time zone	UTC±0 (GMT)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+1 (BST)

Lunnon ([ˈlʌnən]; Inglis: London^[3], [ˈlʌndən]) is the caipital an maist populous ceety o Ingland an the Unitit Kinrick^[4]. Staunin on the River Thames, Lunnon haes been a major dounset for twa millennia, its history that gangs back tae its foundin bi the Romans, wha named it Londinium.^[5] Lunnon's auncient core, the Ceety o Lunnon, lairgely retains its 1.12-square-mile (2.9 km²) medieval boundaries an in 2011 haed a resident population o 7,375, makin it the smawest ceety in Ingland. Syne the 19t century or mair, the term Lunnon haes referred tae the metropolis developed aroond this core an aa.^[6] The bulk o this conurbation forms the Greater Lunnon admeenistrative area (coterminous wi the Lunnon region),^{[7][8][note 1]} govrened bi the Mayor o Lunnon an the Lunnon Assembly.^{[9][note 2]}

Lunnon is a leadin global ceety,^[10][11] wi strenths in the arts, commerce, eddication, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research an development, tourism, an transport aw contributing tae its prominence.^{[12][13][14][15]} It is ane o the warld's leadin financial centres^[16][17][18] an haes the fift-or saxt-lairgest metropolitan area GDP in the warld dependin on measurement.^{[note 3][19][20]} Lunnon is a warld cultural caipital.^{[21][22][23][24]} It is the warld's maist-visitit ceety as measured by international arrivals^[25] an haes the warld's lairgest ceety airport system measured bi passenger traffic.^[26] Lunnon's 43 varsities form the lairgest concentration o higher education institutes in Europe.^[27] In 2012, Lunnon became the first ceety tae host the modren Simmer Olympic Gemmes three times.^[28]

Lunnon haes a diverse range o fowk an culturs, an mair nor 300 leids is spoken wiin Greater Lunnon.^[29] The Greater Lunnon Authority estimatit its population tae be 8.63 million in 2015,^[2] the lairgest o ony municipality in the European Union,^[30] an accoonting for 12.5 percent o the UK population.^[31] Lunnon's urban area is the seicont maist populous in the EU, efter Paris, wi 9,787,426 indwallers accordin tae the 2011 census.^[32] The ceety's metropolitan area is the ane o the maist populous in Europe wi 13,614,409 indwallers,^{[note 4][33]} while the Greater Lunnon Authority pits the population o Lunnon metropolitan region at 21 million.^[34] Lunnon wis the warld's maist populous ceety frae aroond 1831 tae 1925.^[35]

Lunnon conteens fower Warld Heritage Steids: the Touer o Lunnon; Kew Gardens; the site comprisin the Pailace o Wastmeenster, Westminster Abbey, an St Margaret's Kirk; an the historic dounset o Greenwich (in whilk the Royal Observatory, Greenwich marks the Prime Meridian, 0° langitude, an GMT).^[36] Ither famous laundmerks include Buckingham Palace, the Lunnon Ee, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar squerr, an The Shard. Lunnon is home tae numerous museums, galleries, libraries, sporting events an ither cultural institutions, includin the British Museum, National Gallery, Tate Modern, British Library an 40 West End theatres.^[37] The Lunnon Unnergrund is the auldest unnerground railway network in the warld.^[38][39]

1. ↑ "London, United Kingdom Forecast : Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport)" (online). The Weather Underground, Inc. Archived frae the original on 19 Mey 2011. Retrieved 6 Juin 2008. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
2. ↑ ^{a b} "Population Growth in London, 1939–2015". London Datastore. Greater London Authority. Archived frae the original on 19 Februar 2015. Retrieved 7 Julie 2015.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
3. ↑ "London". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
4. ↑ "The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. 1 Februar 2014. Archived frae the original on 7 Januar 2019. Retrieved 23 Februar 2014.
5. ↑ "Roman London". Museum o Lunnon. n.d. Archived frae the original on 22 Juin 2008. Retrieved 4 Juin 2015.
6. ↑ Mills 2001, p. 140
7. ↑ "Government Offices for the English Regions, Fact Files: London". Office for National Statistics. Archived frae the original on 24 Januar 2008. Retrieved 4 Mey 2008.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
8. ↑ Elcock, Howard (1994). Local Government: Policy and Management in Local Authorities. Lunnon: Routledge. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-415-10167-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
9. ↑ Jones, Bill; Kavanagh, Dennis; Moran, Michael; Norton, Philip (2007). Politics UK. Harlow: Pearson Education. p. 868. ISBN 978-1-4058-2411-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
10. ↑ Adewunmi, Bim (10 Mairch 2013). "London: the everything capital of the world". The Guardian. Lunnon.
11. ↑ "What's The Capital Of The World?". More Intelligent Life. Archived frae the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 4 Julie 2013.
12. ↑ "The World's Most Influential Cities 2014". Forbes. Retrieved 2 Mairch 2015.
13. ↑ "Global Power City Index 2014". Institute for Urban Strategies – The Mori Memorial Foundation. Retrieved 2 Mairch 2015.
14. ↑ "London is 'the most desirable city in the world tae work in', study finds". The Independent. Retrieved 2 Mairch 2015.
15. ↑ "London leads the UK for world-class research". Lunnon & Partners. Archived frae the original on 1 Apryle 2019. Retrieved 2 Mairch 2015.
16. ↑ "Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008" (PDF). Mastercard.
17. ↑ "Global Financial Centres 9" (PDF). Z/Yen. 2011. Archived frae the original (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 4 Juin 2015.
18. ↑ "World's Most Economically Powerful Cities". Forbes. New York. 15 Julie 2008. Archived frae the original on 19 Mey 2011. Retrieved 4 Juin 2015.
19. ↑ "The Most Dynamic Cities of 2025". Foreign Policy. September–October 2012. Archived frae the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
20. ↑ "Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025". PricewaterhouseCoopers. Archived frae the original on 19 Mey 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
21. ↑ Calder, Simon (22 December 2007). "London, capital of the world". The Independent. Lunnon.
22. ↑ Teodorczuk, Tom (20 Mairch 2007). "London is the world capital of the 21st century ... says New York". Lunnon Evening Standard. Archived frae the original on 25 November 2009. Retrieved 4 Juin 2015.
23. ↑ "London is world capital of culture says LSE expert" (Press release). Lunnon School o Economics. 11 Mairch 2008. Archived frae the original on 18 November 2011. Retrieved 4 Juin 2015.
24. ↑ "Cultural Strategy". Greater Lunnon Authority. 6 September 2010. Archived frae the original on 9 Februar 2012. Retrieved 10 Februar 2012.
25. ↑ "London tops ranking of destination cities". The Independent. Lunnon. 1 Juin 2011. Retrieved 12 Juin 2012.
26. ↑ "Beijing tae overtake london as world's largest aviation hub". Centre for Aviation. Retrieved 12 Juin 2012.
27. ↑ "Number of international students in London continues tae grow" (Press release). Greater Lunnon Authority. 20 August 2008. Archived frae the original on 19 Mey 2011. Retrieved 4 Juin 2015.
28. ↑ "IOC elects London as the Host City of the Games of the XXX Olympiad in 2012". International Olympic Committee. 6 Julie 2005. Retrieved 3 Juin 2006.
29. ↑ "Languages spoken in the UK population". National Centre for Language. Archived frae the original on 19 Mey 2011. Retrieved 6 Juin 2008.
30. ↑ "Largest EU City. Over 7 million residents in 2001". Office for National Statistics. Archived frae the original on 26 Julie 2007. Retrieved 28 Juin 2008.
31. ↑ "Focus on London – Population and Migration | London DataStore". Greater Lunnon Authority. Archived frae the original on 16 October 2010. Retrieved 10 Februar 2012.
32. ↑ "2011 Census – Built-up areas". ONS. Retrieved 29 Juin 2013.
33. ↑ "Metropolitan Area Populations". Eurostat. 30 August 2012. Retrieved 4 Mey 2013.
34. ↑ The London Plan – Introduction – Positioning London Archived 2014-04-07 at the Wayback Machine. Greater Lunnon Authority. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
35. ↑ "London: The greatest city". Channel 4. Archived frae the original on 19 Mey 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2008.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
36. ↑ "Lists: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 November 2008.
37. ↑ "West End Must Innovate tae Renovate, Says Report". What's On Stage. Lunnon. 25 Januar 2008. Archived frae the original on 19 Mey 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
38. ↑ "Oyster card celebrates 150th Tube anniversary". BBC News. 10 December 2012. Retrieved 10 Januar 2013.
39. ↑ "Shanghai now the world's longest metro". Railway Gazette International. Lunnon. 4 Mey 2010. Archived frae the original on 19 Mey 2011. Retrieved 4 Mey 2010.