Chad

Republic of Chad République du Tchad جمهورية تشاد Ǧumhūriyyat Tšād
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Unité, Travail, Progrès  (French) Unity, Work, Progress
Anthem: La Tchadienne The Chadian Hymn
Capital and largest city	N'Djamena 12°06′N 16°02′E / 12.100°N 16.033°E / 12.100; 16.033
Official languages	French Arabic
Ethnic groups (1993)	Sara 27.7% Arab 12.3% Mayo-Kebbi 11.5% Kanem-Bornou 9% Ouaddai 8.7% Hadjarai 6.7% Tandjile 6.5% Gorane 6.3% Fitri-Batha 4.7% other 6.4% unknown 0.3%
Demonym(s)	Chadian
Government	Presidential republic
• President	Mahamat Déby [1]
• Prime Minister	Succès Masra
Independence
• from France	August 11, 1960
Area
• Total	1,284,000 km2 (496,000 sq mi) (21st)
• Water (%)	1.9
Population
• 2009 estimate	10,329,208[2] (74th)
• 1993 census	6,279,921
• Density	8.0/km2 (20.7/sq mi) (212th)
GDP (PPP)	2011 estimate
• Total	$18.261 billion[3] (123rd)
• Per capita	$1,743[3] (150th)
GDP (nominal)	2011 estimate
• Total	$9.535 billion[3] (130th)
• Per capita	$910[3] (151st)
HDI (2011)	0.328 low · 183rd
Currency	Central African CFA franc (XAF)
Time zone	UTC+1 (WAT)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+1 (Not observed)
Driving side	right
Calling code	235
ISO 3166 code	TD
Internet TLD	.td

Chad (French: Tchad; Arabic: تشاد, officially called the Republic of Chad), is a landlocked country in Central Africa. The capital is N'Djamena.

It was a French colony until 1960.^[2] It suffers from poverty, illness, drought, and armed conflicts. In 2011, the population of Chad was 11,535,000.^[4]

Arabic and French are the official languages. Islam and Christianity are the most widely practiced religions.

Chad has one of the highest levels of hunger in the world. Food insecurity is common in the country. 80% live in total poverty on less than a dollar a day, and 90% are unemployed in Chad. Chad has a low life expectancy. Life expectancy is 54 years old in Chad.

Chad is home to 134 kinds of mammals, 141 bird species, 52 kinds of reptiles, 30 amphibians and 130 kinds of fish. Many animals such as elephants, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, warthogs, giraffes, antelopes, lions, leopards, and cheetahs live in Chad.

1. ↑ "President Idriss Déby of Chad, in Power Since 1990, Wins 5th Term". New York Times. 21 April 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1} Central Intelligence Agency (2009). "Chad". The World Factbook. Archived from the original on May 18, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3} "Chad". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
4. ↑ Collins School World Atlas (Third ed.). Collins. 2013. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-00-748441-6.