Dark matter

Dark matter is a type of matter thought to be responsible for much of the mass in the universe.

The idea arose when astronomers found that the mass of large astronomical objects, and their gravitational effects, was much greater than the mass from the "luminous matter" that contains stars, gas, and dust.

Dark matter was first proposed by Jan Oort in 1932 as a reason for the spinning speeds of stars in the Milky Way. Fritz Zwicky in 1933 used dark matter to explain "missing mass" in the spinning speeds of galaxies in clusters. Later, many other observations have suggested that there is dark matter in the universe. The spinning speeds of galaxies,^[2] gravitational lensing of background objects, the temperature distribution of hot gas in galaxies and clusters of galaxies: these are some of the examples that make scientists believe in dark matter.

According to the Planck mission team, and based on the standard model of cosmology, the total mass–energy of the known universe contains 4.9% ordinary matter, 26.8% dark matter and 68.3% dark energy.^[3]Thus, dark matter is estimated to make up 84.5% of the total matter in the universe, while dark energy plus dark matter make up 95.1% of the total "stuff" in the universe.^[4][5]

Because dark matter does not seem to give off or reflect light, x-rays, or any other radiation, the instruments that are used to find normal matter (like hot gas, stars, planets, and us) can't find dark matter. It seems that dark matter is not made of the same thing as the matter we see every day on Earth. The only way we can tell if dark matter is there, is by how it affects things we can "see" by gravity.

In 2006, a group of scientists claimed that they had found a way to find dark matter.^[6][7] Since dark matter is supposedly very different from normal matter, it is expected to act differently. The scientists observed two far-away galaxy clusters that had crashed into each other at high speed: normal matter would have been scattered nearby after the collision, while dark matter would not. By measuring gravity, they were able to detect what looked like two clouds of dark matter, with a cloud of normal matter (hot gas) in between them.

1. ↑ "Hubble finds dark matter ring in galaxy cluster".
2. ↑ http://www.darkmatterphysics.com/Galactic-rotation-curves-of-spiral-galaxies.htm First observational evidence of dark matter
3. ↑ https://www.astroamanessence.com/2020/11/dark-energy-and-dark-matter.html Archived 2020-11-16 at the Wayback Machine
4. ↑ "Planck captures portrait of the young Universe, revealing earliest light". University of Cambridge. 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
5. ↑ Ferris, Timothy. 2015. Dark Matter. National Geographic. [1] Archived 2014-12-25 at the Wayback Machine
6. ↑ Amos, Jonathan 2006. Dark matter comes out of the cold. BBC News [2].
7. ↑ "Dark matter observed". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)