Gulf War

Gulf War
Date August 2, 1990 – February 28, 1991 Location Iraq Kuwait Saudi Arabia Persian Gulf Israel Result Indecisive Iraqi forces expelled from Kuwait Kuwaiti monarchy restored Destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure Coalition forces fail to advance past the Iraq-Kuwait border into southern Iraq Iraq launches missiles against Saudi Arabian targets Iraqi rocket attacks on Israel Failed Shia/Kurdish uprisings against the Iraqi government Iraqi Kurdistan obtains autonomy, establishment of the northern Iraq no fly zone by the US Saddam Hussein of the Ba'athist government retains power in Iraq UN sanctions against Iraq maintained until 2003 United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 establishes cease-fire terms, beginning of the Iraq disarmament controversies
Belligerents
Kuwait  United States  United Kingdom  Saudi Arabia  Egypt  Lebanon  Jordan  France  Syria  Morocco  Oman  Pakistan  Canada  United Arab Emirates  Qatar  Bangladesh  Italy  Australia  Netherlands  Niger  Sweden  Argentina  Senegal  Spain  Bahrain  Belgium  Poland  South Korea  Norway  Czechoslovakia  Greece  Denmark  New Zealand  Hungary Diplomatic support :  Iran  Soviet Union	Iraq
Commanders and leaders
Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.	Saddam Hussein
Strength
956,600, including 700,000 US troops[1][2]	650,000 soldiers
Casualties and losses
Military dead: 1,000–2,000 Civilian dead: 500–1,000	Military dead: 80,000–100,000 Civilian dead: 5,000–7,000

The Gulf War was a conflict between Iraq and 39 other countries, led by the United States. It started with the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq on August 2, 1990. Iraq had claimed Kuwait as part of its territory. Iraq is said to have suffered around 80,000-100,000 soldier losses.^[3]

There were two military operations.

Operation Desert Shield brought troops to protect Dhahran, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states that Iraq had not attacked.

Operation Desert Storm attacked Iraq's forces both in Kuwait and in Iraq. It started on 17 January, 1991 with an air strike. Ground operations started 24 February. Iraqi forces set fire to oil wells to slow the attack. The war ended on 28 February, 1991 with a ceasefire.^[4]

The long Iran–Iraq War had ended in August 1988. Iraq owed a great amount of money to Saudi Arabia and had difficulty paying it back. Saddam Hussein declared the neighboring country of Kuwait to be siphoning Iraqi crude oil from across the border, and on August 2nd, 1990 the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait started. On January 17, 1991 the US began the Persian Gulf War with a massive US led air offensive known as Operation Desert Storm.^[5]

The attacks were assisted by newly developed weapons, including stealth aircraft, cruise missiles and smart bombs.

After 42 days of fighting U.S. President Bush declared a ceasefire on February 28. By that time most Iraqi forces in Kuwait had either surrendered or fled.

Operation Desert storm included a bombing campaign that targeted Iraqi aircraft, anti-aircraft systems, oil refineries, weapon factories, bridges, and roads. President George Bush decided not to depose Saddam Hussein.

Political issues after Operation Desert Storm lead to the second Persian Gulf War in 2003.

1. ↑ Gulf War coalition forces (latest available) by country "www.nationmaster.com". Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 2007-09-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
2. ↑ Hersh, Seymour (2005). Chain of Command. Penguin Books. p. 181.
3. ↑ Ufheil-Somers, Amanda (1991-07-11). "The Other Face of War". MERIP. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
4. ↑ Brinkerhoff, John R.; Silva, Ted; Seitz, John (1992-05-18). "United States Army Reserve in Operation Desert Storm. Engineer Support at Echelons Above Corps: The 416th Engineer Command". Fort Belvoir, VA. doi:10.21236/ada277638. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
5. ↑ Lopes, Maraisa (2009). Folha de S. Paulo (Thesis). Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Repositorio Institucional. doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2009.442545.