Partitions of Poland

Partitions of Poland
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772
Elimination
The three partitions of Poland (the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth). The Russian Partition (brownish/reddish), the Austrian Partition (green), and the Prussian Partition (blue)

The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is a term used in history. They took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.^[1][2][3] Three partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth took place:

• 5 August 1772
• 23 January 1793
• 24 October 1795

The partitions were carried out by Prussia, Russia and Habsburg Austria dividing up the Commonwealth lands among themselves.

The less often used term "Fourth Partition of Poland" may refer to any later division of Polish lands, specifically:

• After the Napoleonic Era, the 1815 division of the Duchy of Warsaw at the Congress of Vienna;
• The 1832 incorporation of the "Congress Kingdom" into Russia, and the 1846 incorporation of the Republic of Kraków into Austria; and
• The 1939 division of Poland between Germany and the Soviet Union after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.^[4]

1. ↑ Rbert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries. A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change. Routledge:1998 p.156
2. ↑ Judy Batt, Kataryna Wolczuk.Region, State and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe.Routledge:2002,p.153
3. ↑ Nancy Sinkoff.Out of the Shtetl: Making Jews Modern in the Polish Borderlands.Society of Biblical Literature:2004, p.271
4. ↑ Brecher, Michael & Wilkenfeld, Jonathan (1997). A Study of Crisis. University of Michigan Press. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-472-10806-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)