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Qatar

State of Qatar
دولة قطر (Arabic)
Dawlat Qatar
Emblem of Qatar
Emblem
Anthem: السلام الأميري
As-Salam al-Amiri  (transliteration)
Amiri Salute
Location and extent of Qatar (dark green) on the Arabian Peninsula.
Location and extent of Qatar (dark green) on the Arabian Peninsula.
Location of Qatar
Capital
and largest city
Doha
25°18′N 51°31′E / 25.300°N 51.517°E / 25.300; 51.517
Official languagesArabic (11.6% Qatari)
English (88.4% non-Qatari)
Ethnic groups
(2015[1])
11.6% Qatari
88.4% non-Qatari
Religion
Islam
Demonym(s)Qatari
GovernmentUnitary constitutional authoritarian monarchy
• Emir
Tamim bin Hamad
Khalid bin Khalifa
LegislatureConsultative Assembly
Establishment
December 18, 1878
• Declared independence

September 1, 1971
• Independence from the United Kingdom

September 3, 1971
Area
• Total
11,581 km2 (4,471 sq mi) (158th)
• Water (%)
0.8
Population
• 2017 estimate
2,641,669[2] (140th)
• 2010 census
1,699,435[3] (148th)
• Density
176/km2 (455.8/sq mi) (76th)
GDP (PPP)2018 estimate
• Total
$357.338 billion[4] (51st)
• Per capita
$128,702[4] (1st)
GDP (nominal)2018 estimate
• Total
$183.807 billion[4] (56th)
• Per capita
$66,202[4] (6th)
Gini (2007)41.1[5]
medium
HDI (2018)Increase 0.856[6]
very high · 37th
CurrencyRiyal (QAR)
Time zoneUTC+3 (AST)
Driving sideright[7]
Calling code+974
ISO 3166 codeQA
Internet TLD

Qatar (/ˈkæˌtɑːr/,[8] /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ (audio speaker iconlisten), /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ (audio speaker iconlisten);[9] Arabic: قطر Qaṭar [ˈqɑtˤɑr]; local dialect: [ɡɪtˤɑr]),[10][11] officially the State of Qatar (Arabic: دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar), is a sovereign country in Western Asia. It is on the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Its only land border is with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf. A strait in the Persian Gulf separates Qatar from the nearby island country of Bahrain, as well as sharing maritime borders with the United Arab Emirates and Iran.

Following Ottoman rule, Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971. Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since the early 19th century. Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani was the founder of the State of Qatar. Qatar is a hereditary monarchy and its head of state is Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani. Whether it should be called a constitutional[12][13] or an absolute monarchy[14][15][16] is a matter of opinion. In 2003, the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum, with almost 98% in favour.[17][18] As of early 2017, Qatar's total population was around 2.6 million: 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates.[19]

Qatar is a high income economy and is a developed country, with the world's third largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves.[20] The country has the highest per capita income in the world. Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is the most advanced Arab state for human development.[21] Qatar is a significant power in the Arab world, supporting several rebel groups during the Arab Spring both financially and through its globally expanding media group, Al Jazeera Media Network.[22][23][24] For its small size, Qatar has a lot of influence in the world, and has been identified as a middle power.[25][26] Qatar will host the 2022 FIFA World Cup, becoming the first Arab country to do so.[27]

Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani with Former US Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel.

Qatar is either a constitutional[12][13] or an absolute monarchy[14][16] ruled by the Al Thani family.[28][29] The Al Thani dynasty has been ruling Qatar since the family house was established in 1825.[1] In 2003, Qatar adopted a constitution that provided for the direct election of 30 of the 45 members of the Legislative Council.[1][30][31] The constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum, with almost 98% in favour.[17][18]

The eighth Emir of Qatar is Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, whose father Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani handed power to him on June 25, 2013.[32] The supreme chancellor has the exclusive power to appoint and remove the prime minister and cabinet ministers who, together, constitute the Council of Ministers, which is the supreme executive authority in the country.[33] The Council of Ministers also initiates legislation. Laws and decrees proposed by the Council of Ministers are referred to the Advisory Council (Majilis Al-Shura) for discussion after which they are submitted to the Emir for ratification.[33] A Consultative Assembly has limited power to draft and approve laws, but the Emir has final say on all matters.[1] The current Council is made up entirely of members appointed by the Emir,[1] as no legislative elections have been held since 1970 when there were partial elections to the body.[1] Legislative elections are expected to be held in 2016.[source?]

Qatari law does not permit the establishment of political bodies or trade unions.[34]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Cite error: The named reference CIA was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  2. ↑ "Population structure". Ministry of Development Planning and Statistics. January 31, 2017. Archived from the original on June 26, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  3. ↑ "Populations". Qsa.gov.qa. Archived from the original on July 9, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2018 – Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2018. Archived from the original on May 4, 2018.
  5. ↑ "GINI index". World Bank. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  6. ↑ "2018 Human Development Report". United Nations Development Programme. 2018. Archived from the original on September 14, 2018. Retrieved September 14, 2018.
  7. ↑ "List of left- & right-driving countries – World Standards". Retrieved June 5, 2017.
  8. ↑ Pronunciation adopted by Qatar Airways' advertisements, such as Qatar Airways: the Art of Flight Redefined
  9. ↑ "CMU Pronouncing Dictionary". CS. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
  10. ↑ Johnstone, T. M. (2008). "Encyclopaedia of Islam". Ķaṭar. Brill Online. Retrieved January 22, 2013. (subscription required)
  11. ↑ "How do you say 'Qatar'? Senate hearing has the answer". Washington Post. June 12, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 BBC News, How democratic is the Middle East?, September 9, 2005.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 United States Department of State Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Qatar, 2011.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Gardener, David. "Qatar shows how to manage a modern monarchy". Financial Times.
  15. ↑ "The World Factbook". CIA Factbook. Archived from the original on 2018-12-21. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Canada – Qatar Bilateral Relations". Government of Canada.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "IFES Election Guide - Elections: Qatar Referendum Apr 29 2003". www.electionguide.org. Archived from the original on 2020-05-13. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Qatar 2003". Archived from the original on 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
  19. ↑ "Population of Qatar by nationality - 2017 report". Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  20. ↑ "Indices & Data | Human Development Reports". United Nations Development Programme. March 14, 2013. Archived from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
  21. ↑ "Qatar human development". 15 December 2015.
  22. ↑ Dagher, Sam (October 17, 2011). "Tiny Kingdom's Huge Role in Libya Draws Concern". Online.wsj.com. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
  23. ↑ "Qatar: Rise of an Underdog". Politicsandpolicy.org. Archived from the original on June 10, 2017. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
  24. ↑ Ian Black in Tripoli (26 October 2011). "Qatar admits sending hundreds of troops to support Libya rebels". Theguardian.com. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
  25. ↑ Cooper, Andrew F. "Middle Powers: Squeezed out or Adaptive?". Public Diplomacy Magazine. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
  26. ↑ Kamrava, Mehran. "Mediation and Qatari Foreign Policy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 7, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
  27. ↑ Paul Rhys in Doha. "Blatter reaches out to Arabia". Aljazeera.com. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
  28. ↑ "How democratic is the Middle East?". September 9, 2005 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  29. ↑ "We apologize for the inconvenience" (PDF).
  30. ↑ Lambert, Jennifer (2011). "Political Reform in Qatar: Participation, Legitimacy and Security". 19 (1). Middle East Policy Council. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2016-12-03. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  31. ↑ "Qatar to hold advisory council elections in 2013". Reuters (UK edition). Reuters. November 1, 2011. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
  32. ↑ "Qatari emir Sheikh Hamad hands power to son Tamim". BBC. June 25, 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Council of Ministers". Embassy of the State of Qatar in Washington DC. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
  34. ↑ "The People Want Reform… In Qatar, Too". Jadaliyya. Archived from the original on 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
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