Romania

Romania România  (Romanian)
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: "Deşteaptă-te, române!" ("Awaken thee, Romanian!")
Show globe Show map of Europe Location of  Romania  (dark green) – on the European continent  (green & dark grey) – in the European Union  (green)  —  [Legend]
Capital and largest city	Bucharest 44°25′N 26°06′E / 44.417°N 26.100°E / 44.417; 26.100
Official languages	Romanian
Recognised minority languages[1]	See here Albanian Armenian Azerbaijani Bulgarian Croatian Czech Gagauz German Greek Italian Kazakh Kurdish Macedonian Hungarian Persian Polish Portuguese Romani Russian Ruthenian Serbian Slovak Tatar Turkish Ukrainian Yiddish
Ethnic groups (2011)[2]	88.92% Romanians 6.50% Hungarians 3.29% Romani 1.29% Turkish people, Crimean Tatars, Xoraxane Roma, Danube Swabians
Religion (2011)[3]	92.3% Christianity —81.0% Romanian Orthodoxy —6.2% Protestantism —5.1% Catholicism 6.2% No religion 1.5% Islam
Demonym(s)	Romanian
Government	Unitary semi-presidential republic
• President	Klaus Iohannis
• Prime Minister	Marcel Ciolacu
Legislature	Parliament
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	Chamber of Deputies
Establishment history
• Unification	24 January 1859
• Independence	9 May 1877/1878
• Greater Romania	1918 / 1920
• Socialist Republic	30 December 1947
• Current state form	27 December 1989[4][5][6]
• Coup d'état	6 December 2024
Area
• Total	238,397 km2 (92,046 sq mi) (81st)
• Water (%)	3
Population
• 1 January 2021 estimate	19,186,201[7][8] (61st)
• 2011 census	20,121,641[2]
• Density	80.4/km2 (208.2/sq mi) (136th)
GDP (PPP)	2022 estimate
• Total	$704.355 billion[9] (36th)
• Per capita	$36,446 [9] (66th)
GDP (nominal)	2022 estimate
• Total	$314.876 billion[9] (47th)
• Per capita	$16,293[9] (56th)
Gini (2020)	33.8[10] medium
HDI (2019)	0.828[11] very high · 49th
Currency	Romanian leu (RON)
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)
Date format	dd.mm.yyyy (AD)
Driving side	right
Calling code	+40
ISO 3166 code	RO
Internet TLD	.roa
Also .eu, shared with other European Union member states.

Romania (old spelling: Rumania, Roumania; Romanian: România, IPA: [ro.mɨˈni.a]) is a country in Eastern and Southeastern Europe.^[12] It is north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube River. Western Romania is circled by the Carpathian Mountains. Romania also has a border on the Black Sea.^[13] Most of the Danube Delta is found inside Romania. Romania shares borders with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine to the far northeast, the Republic of Moldova to the near northeast, and Bulgaria to the south.

Romania is a semi-presidential unitary state. It was created when Moldavia and Wallachia joined in 1859. It was given its independence in the Treaty of Berlin of 1878. At the end of World War II, some of its land (close by what is now known as Moldova) was occupied by the USSR. After the Iron Curtain fell in 1989 Romania was liberated from the communist regime. During the 2000s, Romania made changes to the country, such as reform the democratic system, human rights acts, freedom of speech acts, economy and law. That let Romania join the European Union on January 1, 2007.

Romania has the 9th biggest area of land and the 7th biggest population (with 19 million people^[3]) of the European Union member states. The capital and biggest city in Romania is Bucharest (Romanian: București /bu.kuˈreʃtʲ/ (help·info)), with a population of 1.6 million. One of the cities in Transylvania, Sibiu, was named a European Capital of Culture in 2007^[14] and a city in Banat, Timișoara, held the same title in 2023.^[15] Romania joined NATO on March 29, 2004.

1. ↑ "Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages". Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1} "Romanian 2011 census (final results)" (PDF) (in Romanian). INSSE. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1} Cite error: The named reference census_2011_rel was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
4. ↑ Elgie, Robert (28 November 2017). Political Leadership: A Pragmatic Institutionalist Approach. Springer. ISBN 9781137346223 – via Google Books.
5. ↑ Romania Directory. Editura Cronos. 1 April 1990. ISBN 9789739000000 – via Google Books.
6. ↑ "DECRET-LEGE 2 27/12/1989 - Portal Legislativ". legislatie.just.ro.
7. ↑ "Populația rezidentă la 1 Ianuarie 2021" [The usually resident population on 1 January 2021] (PDF). Insse.ro (in Romanian). National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
8. ↑ "Populaţia rezidentă pe sexe şi vârste, la 1 Ianuarie 2021". Insse.ro (in Romanian). National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
9. ↑ ^{9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3} "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021 Edition". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. October 2021.
10. ↑ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
11. ↑ "2020 Human Development Report" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
12. ↑ "Europe :: Romania - The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". cia.gov. 2007-06-12. Archived from the original on 2020-05-15. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
13. ↑ "North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Official Raport".
14. ↑ "Report on the Nominations from Luxembourg and Romania for the European Capital of Culture 2007". The Selection Panel for the European Capital of Culture (ECOC) 2007. 2004-04-05. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
15. ↑ "Three new Capitals of Culture for 2023 | Culture and Creativity". culture.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2024-10-28.