Ubepari

Ubepari ni mfumo wa uchumi ambamo biashara, viwanda na vitegauchumi vingine vinatawaliwa na watu binafsi kwa kiasi kikubwa na kwa lengo la kupata faida. Nafasi ya serikali ni ndogo. Vilevile lengo la kuhudumia jamii katika mahitaji yake haliongozi mipango.^[1][2]

Kati ya sifa za ubepari kuna ulimbikizaji wa mtaji, ushindani katika soko huria na kazi zinazolipwa mshahara.^[3]

Katika mfumo huo, pande zinazokabiliana zinapanga zenyewe bei kwa makubaliano, bila kuingiliwa na mamlaka yoyote ya nje.^[4]

Ubepari una viwango tofauti vya uhuru huo, kadiri ya nchi:^[5]Kiingereza kinaainisha laissez-faire capitalism, welfare capitalism, crony capitalism na state capitalism.^[6]

1. ↑ “Capitalism” Archived 27 Agosti 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Oxford Dictionaries. “capitalism. an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.” Retrieved 4 January 2013.
2. ↑ Chris Jenks. Core Sociological Dichotomies. “Capitalism, as a mode of production, is an economic system of manufacture and exchange which is geared toward the production and sale of commodities within a market for profit, where the manufacture of commodities consists of the use of the formally free labor of workers in exchange for a wage to create commodities in which the manufacturer extracts surplus value from the labor of the workers in terms of the difference between the wages paid to the worker and the value of the commodity produced by him/her to generate that profit.” London, England, UK; Thousand Oaks, California, USA; New Delhi, India: SAGE. p. 383.
3. ↑ Heilbroner, Robert L. "capitalism." Durlauf, Steven N.and Lawrence E. Blume, eds., The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2nd ed. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0198
4. ↑ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/capitalism "an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market"
5. ↑ Macmillan Dictionary of Modern Economics, 3rd Ed., 1986, p. 54.
6. ↑ Stilwell, Frank. “Political Economy: the Contest of Economic Ideas.” First Edition. Oxford University Press. Melbourne, Australia. 2002.