Yevropada islom

Islom Yevropada nasroniylikdan keyin turuvchi ikkinchi eng katta dindir[1]. Garchi Gʻarbiy Yevropadagi musulmon jamoalarining aksariyati yaqinda tashkil topgan boʻlsa-da[2], Bolqon, Kavkaz, Qrim va Volga boʻyida koʻp asrlik musulmon jamiyatlari mavjud[3][4][5][6]. „Yevropa Musulmonlari“ atamasi Bolqondagi musulmonlar koʻp boʻlgan mamlakatlarga (Albaniya, Bosniya va Gersegovina, Kosovo va Turkiya)[7], hamda Sharqiy Yevropadagi ozchiligi musulmonlardan tashkil topgan mamlakatlarga (Bolgariya, Chernogoriya, Shimoliy Makedoniya)[8], va Rossiyaning baʼzi respublikalariga[3][4][5][7] nisbatan ishlatilgan[3][4][7].

Islom 7-asrda musulmonlarning Forsni bosib olishi orqali Kavkazga tarqaldi va 8–10-asrlarda Umaviylar Ispaniyani bosib olganidan keyin tezlik bilan tarqalib Janubiy Yevropaga kirdi. Musulmon siyosiy tuzilmalari oʻrta asrlarda hozirgi Ispaniya, Portugaliya, Sitsiliya va Maltada mavjud boʻlgan[9]. Bu hududlardagi musulmon aholi xristianlikni qabul qilgan yoki 15-asr oxiriga kelib nasroniy hukmdorlari tomonidan chiqarib yuborilgan (Qarang: Rekonkista)[9]. Usmonli imperiyasi 14–15-asrlarda Serbiya imperiyasi, Bolgariya imperiyasi va Vizantiya imperiyasining qolgan barcha hududlariga bostirib kirish va bosib olish yoʻli bilan Janubi-Sharqiy Yevropada yanada kengaydi va oʻzining siyosiy qudratini mustahkamladi[9]. Asrlar davomida Usmonli imperiyasi 1922-yilda magʻlubiyatga uchragunga qadar deyarli barcha Yevropa hududlarini asta-sekin tark etdi. Islom Sharqiy Yevropada Volga Bulgarlari, Kuman-Qipchoqlar, keyinroq Oltin Oʻrda va uning xonliklari, ruslar tomonidan „tatarlar“ deb atalgan turli musulmon aholiga ega boʻlgan xonliklarning oʻzgarishi orqali tarqaldi. Yevropadagi tarixiy ahamiyatga ega musulmon aholi orasida Gorani, Torbeshi, Pomaklar, Bosnyaklar, Musulmon Albanlar, Cham Albanlari, Yunon musulmonlari, Vallahadlar, Musulmon Romanlar, Bolqon turklari, Kiprlik turklari, Krit turklari , Yörüklar, Volga tatarlari, Qrim tatarlari, Qozoqlari, Gajallar va Megleno-Ruminlar[6][10] bor.

20-asr oxiri va 21-asr boshlarida koʻp sonli musulmonlar Gʻarbiy Yevropaga koʻchib keldilar[2]. 2010-yilga kelib, Yevropada taxminan 44 million musulmon (6 foiz), shu jumladan Yevropa Ittifoqida (3,8 foiz) taxminan 19 million musulmon yashagan[11]. 2030-yilga kelib ular 8% yoki 58 millionni tashkil etishi taxmin qilinmoqda[11]. Ular koʻpincha Yevropa mamlakatlaridagi islomiy terrorchilik xurujlari[12][13], Shaytoniy Oyatlar bahsi[14], Daniyadagi multfilmlar ishi[12], Islomiy liboslar haqidagi bahslar[14], musulmonlarning Yevropa madaniyati va liberal qadriyatlariga tahdid deb hisoblaydigan oʻng qanot populistik harakatlar va partiyalarni qoʻllab-quvvatlash kuchaygan[13][14]. Bunday tadbirlar, shuningdek, globallashuv, multikulturalizm, islomofobiya, musulmonlar va boshqa diniy guruhlar oʻrtasidagi munosabatlar va populistik siyosiy mavzularida davom etayotgan munozaralarni kuchaytirdi[13][14][15].

  1. „Global religious futures Europe“. 2022-yil 12-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 19-sentyabr.
  2. 2,0 2,1 Cesari, Jocelyne (January–June 2002). "Introduction - "L'Islam en Europe: L'Incorporation d'Une Religion"" (fr). Cahiers d'Études sur la Méditerranée Orientale et le monde Turco-Iranien (Paris: Éditions de Boccard) 33: 7–20. doi:10.3406/CEMOT.2002.1623. https://www.persee.fr/doc/cemot_0764-9878_2002_num_33_1_1623. Qaraldi: 21 January 2021. Yevropada islom]]
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 Part III: The Old European Land of Islam“,The Oxford Handbook of European Islam Cesari: . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014 — 427–616 bet. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607976.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-960797-6. 
  4. 4,0 4,1 4,2 Clayer, Nathalie (2004). "Les musulmans des Balkans Ou l'islam de "l'autre Europe"/The Balkans Muslims Or the Islam of the "Other Europe"" (fr). Religions, pouvoir et société: Europe centrale, Balkans, CEI. Le Courrier de Pays de l'Est (Paris: La Documentation française) 5 (1045): 16–27. doi:10.3917/cpe.045.0016. ISSN 0590-0239. 
  5. 5,0 5,1 Bougarel, Xavier. Les musulmans de l'Europe du Sud-Est: Des Empires aux États balkaniques, Terres et gens d'islam (fr). Paris: IISMM - Karthala, 2013 — 1–20 bet. ISBN 978-2-8111-0905-9. 
  6. 6,0 6,1 Popović, Alexandre; Rashid, Asma (Summer–Autumn 1997). "The Muslim Culture In The Balkans (16th–18th Centuries)". Islamic Studies (Islamic Research Institute (International Islamic University, Islamabad)) 36 (2/3, Special Issue: Islam In The Balkans): 177–190. ISSN 0578-8072. 
  7. 7,0 7,1 7,2 Malik, Jamal; Zarrabi-Zadeh, Saeed, eds (2019). "Sufism East and West: Mystical Islam and Cross-Cultural Exchange in the Modern World". Sufism East and West: Mystical Islam and Cross-Cultural Exchange in the Modern World. Studies on Sufism. 2. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. 233–258 b. doi:10.1163/9789004393929_011. ISBN 978-90-04-39392-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=5MqiDwAAQBAJ. 
  8. Macnamara, Ronan (January 2013). "Slavic Muslims: The forgotten minority of Macedonia". Security and Human Rights (Leiden: Brill Publishers/Martinus Nijhoff Publishers on behalf of the Netherlands Helsinki Committee) 23 (4): 347–355. doi:10.1163/18750230-99900038. ISSN 1874-7337. 
  9. 9,0 9,1 9,2 Buturović, Amila „Part V: Islamic Cultural Region – European Islam“,. The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions Juergensmeyer: . Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press [2006], 2009 — 437–446 bet. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195137989.003.0043. ISBN 978-0-19-513798-9. 
  10. Mylonas, Harris, ed (2006). "The Islamization of the Meglen Vlachs (Megleno-Romanians): The Village of Nânti (Nótia) and the "Nântinets" in Present-Day Turkey". Nationalities Papers (Cambridge University Press) 34 (1): 71–90. doi:10.1080/00905990500504871. ISSN 0090-5992. https://archive.org/details/sim_nationalities-papers_2006-03_34_1/page/71. 
  11. 11,0 11,1 Pew 2011.
  12. 12,0 12,1 Aydınlı, Ersel „The Jihadists after 9/11“,. Violent Non-State Actors: From Anarchists to Jihadists, 1st, Routledge Studies on Challenges, Crises, and Dissent in World Politics, London and New York: Routledge [2016], 2018 — 110–149 bet. ISBN 978-1-315-56139-4. 
  13. 13,0 13,1 13,2 Kallis, Aristotle „Part I: Ideology and Discourse – The Radical Right and Islamophobia“,. The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right Rydgren: . Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2018 — 42–60 bet. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.3. ISBN 9780190274559. 
  14. 14,0 14,1 14,2 14,3 Allievi, Stefano „Relations and Negotiations: Issues and Debates on Islam“,. Muslims in the Enlarged Europe: Religion and Society, Muslim Minorities Allievi: . Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2003 — 331–368 bet. ISBN 978-90-04-13201-6. 
  15. Goodwin, Matthew J.; Cutts, David; Jana-Lipinski, Laurence (September 2014). "Economic Losers, Protestors, and Islamophobes or Xenophobes? Predicting Public Support for a Counter-Jihad Movement". Political Studies (SAGE Publications on behalf of the Political Studies Association) 64: 4–26. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.12159. ISSN 1467-9248. OCLC 1641383. 

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